Adoptive immunotherapy with third-party virus-specific T lymphocytes (VSTs) is effective against refractory viral infections. However, its long-term efficacy and persistence must be enhanced. T memory stem cells (TSCMs) with superior self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential may enhance VSTs durability, although their antiviral capacity is underexplored. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells are enriched with CD8⁺ TSCM through cytokine and peptide stimulation. Comprehensive preclinical evaluations show that purified TSCM-VSTs exhibit reduced exhaustion, enhanced expansion, and stronger antiviral activity than central or effector memory VSTs (TCM or TEM). Transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses show significant enrichment of the MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways, consistent with stem-like characteristics. In a murine model, CD8⁺ TSCM VSTs provide more effective protection against Raji-pp65 tumors than TCM or TEM VSTs. In a phase I clinical trial, 10 patients with refractory CMV or EBV infections post-transplant who received third-party, off-the-shelf TSCM-enriched VSTs show a 100% overall response rate and 70% complete response, with persistence up to 12 weeks and no severe adverse events. These findings support TSCM-enriched VSTs as a potent, scalable antiviral immunotherapy and highlight TSCM proportion as a critical determinant of VSTs efficacy.

Heart failure (HF) imposes a growing public health and macroeconomic burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet its long-term economic impact remains unquantified. China, characterized by rapid ageing and escalating cardiovascular risks, provides a critical setting to model HF economic implications.

Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, China Cardiovascular Association Registry, and national insurance databases, HF macroeconomic burden (2025-35) was projected via a health-augmented macroeconomic model. Three interventions were evaluated: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) screening (adults ≥40 years), intensive blood pressure (BP) control (hypertensive patients), and guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) optimization for HF with reduced ejection fraction. Costs are reported in 2017 international dollars (INT$).

By 2035, HF cases in China will reach 22.7 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 9.5-36.9 million], with an age-standardized prevalence of 760.65/100 000 (95% UI: 283.2-1340.8/100 000). The cumulative economic burden (2025-35) is INT$1001.1 billion (95% UI: 733.4-1365.6 billion), representing 0.26% of gross domestic product (95% UI: 0.19%-0.34%), driven by labour force attrition (72.1%; 95% UI: 64.4%-74.8%). Interventions reduced the total burden by 12.5% (95% UI: 10.4%-14.5%): BNP screening (25% coverage) saved INT$78.5 billion (95% UI: 62.8-94.1 billion; 8.10% reduction; cost-benefit ratio 0.49), Intensive BP control saved INT$27.5 billion (95% UI: 25.1-29.9 billion; 2.74% reduction; ratio 0.22), GDMT optimization saved INT$17.0 billion (95% UI: 12.8-22.4 billion; 1.70% reduction; ratio 0.48).

HF imposes a substantial and increasing macroeconomic burden in China, largely through workforce productivity losses. Scalable, cost-effective strategies, including primary care-based BNP screening, subsidized hypertension control, and enhanced GDMT adherence, are essential to curb economic losses. These findings inform policy priorities for China and other LMICs confronting demographic transitions.

We investigated the perception and attitudes of health care providers who manage patients with diabetes mellitus on the routine employment of an oral health assessment tool (OHAT) in diabetes management. A survey was conducted among health care providers practicing in underserved areas (N=54). Most providers acknowledged that oral health has an impact on diabetes, with participants identifying poor periodontal health as a contributing factor, and that untreated periodontitis influences patients' response to diabetes therapy. Conversely, health care professionals responded in the affirmative that blood glucose levels affect oral health, and the status of periodontal health and maintenance differs between patients with diabetes and other patients. Most providers also acknowledged that their institution currently has no OHAT for patients with diabetes. Despite this, most health care professionals are willing to incorporate an OHAT in their current diabetes self-management education curricula.

Since the publication of the National Institute for Care and Health Excellence's TA943 guidance, the uptake of continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed loop systems in type 1 diabetes care is expanding rapidly. Community diabetes specialist nurses and general practice nurses are both integral to implementing these technologies outside of hospital settings.

To explore and understand the confidence levels, training and support available to community diabetes specialist nurses and general practice nurses in relation to continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed loop systems technologies, based on a national service evaluation.

A national survey was distributed to UK nurses and midwives in May 2025. Confidence was measured across five continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed loop systems domains, with qualitative feedback analysed thematically.

Community diabetes specialist nurses showed moderate to high confidence with continuous glucose monitoring and variable confidence with hybrid closed loop systems. General practice nurses reported low confidence across all domains, with minimal access to formal training. Differences in support structures and team composition contributed to capability gaps.

Tailored training, system-wide support and commissioning reform are needed to ensure equitable technology-enabled diabetes care across community and primary care settings.

Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents a prevalent and multifaceted systemic condition, characterized by its intricate interplay of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and various metabolic perturbations. Given its complexity, MASLD necessitates a comprehensive multidisciplinary strategy for both prevention and management.

Each of the experts who contributed to this review has made an in-depth review of the literature within their field of knowledge using PubMed. This review covers nutrition, physical activity and exercise, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk factors, psychological approach, and clinical care by hepatologists in MASLD patients.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and engagement in exercise have been shown to ameliorate and potentially reverse MASLD. The hepatologist plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, assessment of liver comorbidities, and disease staging, emphasizing lifestyle modification and tailored therapy. Nutritionists are vital in dietary interventions, while specialists in sports medicine are essential for overcoming sedentary lifestyles, requiring fitness evaluations to customize exercise prescriptions. Psychological support addresses social and adherence challenges, enhancing patient management. Additionally, metabolic medicine experts are crucial for managing associated comorbidities, including cardiovascular risk factors and type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus affects one in nine adults worldwide, with timely diagnosis and accurate classification being essential for patient management. C-peptide is an important biomarker in the diagnostic workup. As diabetes sub-typing and treatment options continue to evolve, this review will highlight the important aspects of C-peptide analysis and interpretation and additionally, evaluate its current and emerging clinical role.

Several sample types and testing strategies such as fasting, random and stimulated C-peptide are available which are reviewed here. Random nonfasting C-peptide is convenient to perform in clinic and performs well compared to gold standard testing for classification of severe insulin deficiency and insulin dependence. C-peptide measurement may also be useful for classifying type 2 diabetes subtypes and in predicting response to treatment. Despite ongoing efforts towards standardization of C-peptide, variation still exists between analytical methods.

This review summarizes recent literature relating to preanalytical, analytical and clinical aspects of C-peptide testing. Future research in this area may build on the role of C-peptide in predicting glycaemic control, clinical complications and response to pharmacotherapy.

Mounting evidence indicates that Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a public health challenge globally, and its occurrence is anticipated to surge in the forthcoming years. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) serves as a target for its treatment, with its inhibitors effectively preserving the levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1). This review presents an overview of the therapeutic possibilities of six frequently employed DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) (Sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin and teneligliptin) in managing T2DM, focussing on their characteristics, mechanism of action, advantages and side effects in comparison with alternative oral antidiabetic drugs as well as the possibility of using in silico method in advancing its timely and cost-effective production.

A literature search was conducted using the major search engines such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, etc. employing terms like 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), DPP-4 inhibitors, and Dipeptidyl peptidase-4', etc. to identify relevant studies.

Our findings indicate that DPP-4is stimulate secretion of insulin and suppress secretion of glucagon by elevating endogenous GLP-1 concentrations without an intrinsic hypoglycaemia risk. Although these agents share a common mechanism of action, their considerable structural heterogeneity may lead to distinct pharmacological characteristics. Literature shows that DPP-4is have a promising safety profile in comparison with other oral antidiabetic medications, however, certain safety aspects require additional exploration. Different DPP-4is have demonstrated comparable safety and tolerability, whether used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications. Besides, it has been shown that in silico method could be employed in development of DPP-4is. Further research is necessary to ascertain whether differences among DPP-4 inhibitors might influence the occurrence of specific adverse effects.

DPP-4 inhibitors remain effective and well-tolerated options for managing T2DM.

This study examined the association of rental assistance receipt with cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) engagement in low-income adults with diabetes. Using National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2016 through 2019 and 2020 through 2022, we included low-income adults who were 1) diagnosed with diabetes, 2) prescribed medications, and 3) renters. Propensity score weighting approach created a sample in which receipt of rental assistance was independent of observed sociodemographic characteristics. Logistic regression examined the association of rental assistance receipt with CRN, respectively. Lack of receipt of rental assistance was significantly associated with higher odds of CRN engagement in NHIS 2016-2019 (Odds ratio=2.32; 95% confidence interval=(1.59, 3.37); p<.0001) and NHIS 2020-2022 (Odds ratio=1.74; 95% confidence interval=(1.04, 2.91); p=.03). Given the shortage of affordable housing in the United States, findings suggest that expansion of affordable housing could be critical for improving health outcomes in low-income adults with diabetes.

Early detection of cancer and prompt linkage to medical care in people experiencing homelessness (PEH) are crucial to improve the disparity in cancer incidence and mortality between PEH and their housed counterparts. A systematic review was conducted across 3 academic databases in April 2024 to identify interventions that aim to improve adherence to cancer care among PEH. Data from 16 eligible studies were extracted and organized around intervention type, and thematic analysis was conducted to extract key lessons learned. All studied cancer screening, taking part in mostly urban settings in the United States. The most common interventions were increasing cancer screening accessibility (n=7) and patient navigation (n=6). In one randomized trial, patient navigation was associated with 8.51 higher odds of lung cancer screening completion. Combining multiple interventions had the greatest impact on screening rates, but future interventions should also link PEH to diagnostic procedures, cancer treatment, and survivorship.

Arm lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment is preventable and can be reversible if caught early. Many risk factors are modifiable and lifestyle changes adopted by patients can reduce incidence substantially. Education in risk reduction is a central tenet of specialist lymphoedema prevention programmes, however, non-specialist healthcare professionals commonly get requests for instructions and advice by breast cancer patients. In general, healthcare professionals receive inadequate education and training on the lymphatic system and may feel ill-equipped to issue advice, despite being best placed to provide it. Low-risk patients are unlikely to require lifestyle modifications to prevent lymphoedema once the treatment phase is over, unless cording or adherent axillary scars persist, but high- and medium-risk patients need education in lifetime prevention and self-treatment strategies. This article discusses risk stratification and outlines self-management strategies for at-risk cohorts. By gaining knowledge about lymphoedema prevention, healthcare professionals can confidently guide their patients on how to prevent lymphoedema and its physical and psychological sequelae.