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α-linolenic acid is a naturally occurring ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is essential for human health but cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. Studies have demonstrated that α-linolenic acid offers a variety of health benefits, particularly showing potential in the prevention and adjunctive treatment of metabolic syndrome. In terms of lipid-lowering effects, α-linolenic acid suppresses the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis, while promoting the expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation. In cardiovascular protection, α-linolenic acid prevents or ameliorates atherosclerosis by improving endothelial function, inhibiting thrombosis, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Although some clinical studies show that α-linolenic acid can lower lipids, regulate blood glucose, and provide cardiovascular protection, other studies suggest its effects may not be entirely consistent. Therefore, while α-linolenic acid has potential value in regulating lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cellular signaling pathways, especially in metabolic diseases and cardiovascular protection, its clinical effects still exhibit certain heterogeneity.