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Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma with poor outcomes, and the role of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as consolidation after frontline therapy remains controversial. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Cancer Database, including adults diagnosed with AITL between 2004 and 2020 who received frontline systemic therapy. Patients were categorized as chemotherapy alone (Chemo) or chemotherapy followed by ASCT (Chemo + ASCT). To mitigate immortal time bias, prespecified landmark analyses were performed, with a 6-month landmark analysis as the primary approach and a 9-month landmark analysis as a sensitivity analysis. Multivariable Cox regression and propensity score weighting using inverse probability of treatment weighting for the average treatment effect were used to address measured confounding. Among 3996 patients receiving systemic therapy, 686 (17.2%) underwent ASCT. In the 6-month landmark analysis, ASCT was associated with improved overall survival (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.45-0.62; p < 0.001). Findings were consistent in the 9-month landmark analysis (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.49-0.69; p < 0.001) and IPTW-adjusted model (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.44-0.60; p < 0.001). In this large real-world cohort, ASCT consolidation was consistently associated with improved survival in patients with AITL. Although treatment-response data were unavailable and residual confounding cannot be excluded, these findings provide supportive real-world evidence and warrant prospective studies with treatment-timing and response data to better define patient selection.