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This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of central sleep apnea (CSA) and central hypoventilation disorders in the pediatric population. It places particular emphasis on children with complex medical conditions and genetic syndromes, including congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome.In addition, the chapter examines related conditions such as Prader-Willi syndrome and other hypoventilation disorders arising from structural or functional abnormalities, including Chiari malformations and Leigh syndrome. It reviews current knowledge of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic evaluation of these disorders in children, and concludes with evidence-based guidance for their management and treatment.