Effects of exercise on reproductive endocrine hormones in adult patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis.
This study aims to systematically evaluate the impact of exercise interventions on reproductive endocrine profiles in adult patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using a three-level meta-analytical approach.
We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of exercise on reproductive endocrine profiles in PCOS patients, spanning from database inception through April 7, 2026. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted in R using a random-effects model fitted via restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Effect sizes were quantified as Hedges' g with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Global heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q test, and the robustness of results was verified through leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. Model fit was compared using likelihood ratio tests (LRT). Publication bias was scrutinized via Egger's test, with the trim-and-fill method employed as a corrective measure where necessary. Methodological quality was appraised using the PEDro scale, and the certainty of evidence was graded via the GRADE profiler.
Nineteen studies involving 1,018 participants were synthesized. Exercise interventions significantly lowered testosterone levels (g = -0.34; 95% CI [-0.61 to -0.07]; P = 0.0146). Subgroup analysis revealed that the "aerobic exercise" group was statistically significant (k = 14, g = -0.5120, 95% CI [-0.8230 to -0.2010], P = 0.0027). The mean body mass index (BMI) "25 to 29.9" group was also statistically significant (k = 17, g = -0.4859, 95% CI [-0.7775 to -0.1943], P = 0.0025), as was the mean age group of "26 to 30 years old" (k = 13, g = -0.4878, 95% CI [-0.8465 to -0.1290], P = 0.0105).
In conclusion, exercise interventions exert a favorable impact on serum testosterone (T) levels in adult patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
PROSPERO (registration no. CRD420251108464; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).
We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of exercise on reproductive endocrine profiles in PCOS patients, spanning from database inception through April 7, 2026. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted in R using a random-effects model fitted via restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Effect sizes were quantified as Hedges' g with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Global heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q test, and the robustness of results was verified through leave-one-out sensitivity analyses. Model fit was compared using likelihood ratio tests (LRT). Publication bias was scrutinized via Egger's test, with the trim-and-fill method employed as a corrective measure where necessary. Methodological quality was appraised using the PEDro scale, and the certainty of evidence was graded via the GRADE profiler.
Nineteen studies involving 1,018 participants were synthesized. Exercise interventions significantly lowered testosterone levels (g = -0.34; 95% CI [-0.61 to -0.07]; P = 0.0146). Subgroup analysis revealed that the "aerobic exercise" group was statistically significant (k = 14, g = -0.5120, 95% CI [-0.8230 to -0.2010], P = 0.0027). The mean body mass index (BMI) "25 to 29.9" group was also statistically significant (k = 17, g = -0.4859, 95% CI [-0.7775 to -0.1943], P = 0.0025), as was the mean age group of "26 to 30 years old" (k = 13, g = -0.4878, 95% CI [-0.8465 to -0.1290], P = 0.0105).
In conclusion, exercise interventions exert a favorable impact on serum testosterone (T) levels in adult patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
PROSPERO (registration no. CRD420251108464; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).