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This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Attitude, Definition, Open mind, Planning, Try it out (ADOPT) nursing model during the perioperative period in patients with esophageal cancer, focusing on self-management efficacy, self-care ability, and symptom clusters. Seventy-six patients undergoing radical resection between November 2024 and September 2025 were assigned to either the ADOPT group or the conventional care group (38 patients each) according different. Both groups received routine perioperative nursing, while the ADOPT group additionally implemented systematic interventions based on the 5 components of ADOPT. Patient outcomes were assessed using the Strategies Used by People to Promote Health, Exercise of Self-Care Agency, and MD Anderson Symptom Inventory scales on day 2 of admission, postoperative day 1, and prior to discharge. Baseline characteristics and surgical parameters were comparable between groups. At discharge, patients in the ADOPT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in self-management efficacy and self-care ability, as well as reduced symptom severity and functional limitations, compared with the conventional group (P < .05). These findings indicate that the ADOPT nursing model effectively enhances patient self-management and self-care capacity while alleviating symptom burden, providing a systematic and individualized framework to optimize perioperative care for esophageal cancer.