Exosomes Enhance Diagnosis and Therapy of Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights and Advances.
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, yet early diagnosis and targeted therapies remain limited. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles carrying nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, mediate intercellular communication and show promise for diagnostic and therapeutic use due to their stability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery. Circulating exosomal profiles reflect myocardial pathology, enabling early detection, risk stratification, and monitoring. Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and other stem cells exert cardioprotective effects. This review summarizes advances in exosome-based diagnostics and therapies and highlights their potential as biomarkers and innovative treatments.