Exposure to micro- and nano-plastics: From human internal burden to systems-level health-risk interpretation.
Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, contact with consumer products, and iatrogenic routes. The clinical relevance of MNP exposure should be interpreted at three levels: barrier interaction, cellular stress, and system-level disruption, with key mechanisms including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation.
Authors
Tu Tu, Yang Yang, Liao Liao, Hu Hu, Feng Feng, Wu Wu, Xia Xia, Wang Wang, Tang Tang, Yuan Yuan, Zhu Zhu, Wei Wei, Xu Xu, Xu Xu, Guo Guo, Zhao Zhao, Chen Chen, Zhang Zhang, Li Li, Ma Ma, Jiang Jiang, Zhang Zhang, Peng Peng, Li Li, Shen Shen, Peijnenburg Peijnenburg, Rillig Rillig, White White, Luo Luo, Zhao Zhao
View on Pubmed