Gender, Sex and Other Factors in the Development of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.
To examine how biological sex and gender influence the tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), integrating epidemiological evidence with hormonal, molecular, lifestyle and environmental factors.
Recent population-based studies demonstrate sex differences in NEN incidence, pathological characteristics and survival across multiple anatomical sites. Emerging evidence suggests that sex-hormone signalling, epigenetic regulation and the tumour microenvironment may contribute to these differences. Lifestyle and metabolic factors, including smoking and obesity, may further modify NEN susceptibility and interact with sex- and gender-related factors. Biological sex appears to be an important modifier of NEN development rather than simply a demographic characteristic. However, mechanistic evidence remains limited and the contribution of gender is poorly characterised. Prospective, sex-stratified studies integrating hormonal, molecular and environmental data are required to clarify these interactions and their potential clinical relevance.
Recent population-based studies demonstrate sex differences in NEN incidence, pathological characteristics and survival across multiple anatomical sites. Emerging evidence suggests that sex-hormone signalling, epigenetic regulation and the tumour microenvironment may contribute to these differences. Lifestyle and metabolic factors, including smoking and obesity, may further modify NEN susceptibility and interact with sex- and gender-related factors. Biological sex appears to be an important modifier of NEN development rather than simply a demographic characteristic. However, mechanistic evidence remains limited and the contribution of gender is poorly characterised. Prospective, sex-stratified studies integrating hormonal, molecular and environmental data are required to clarify these interactions and their potential clinical relevance.
Authors
Abrahall Abrahall, Mortagy Mortagy, Chung Chung, Ramage Ramage, Srirajaskanthan Srirajaskanthan, White White
View on Pubmed