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Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have remarkably improved survival with durable response for patients with multiple cancer type. But, the accurate predictors of response and toxicity to immunotherapy are still unclear. In recent years, the human microbiota, specially the gut microbiota, has been attracting attention in various fields, and it is one of the topics in the field of oncology. The gut microbiome, which refers to the microorganisms and their genes, affects the host immunity both locally and systemically. Modulation of the gut microbiota alters the immune systems and affects the efficacy of ICI. Many clinical trials targeting the gut microbiota, such as fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)and biotics intervention, are currently being conducted. In this review, we consider the evidence on the role of the microbiome in cancer patients and research began the impact of FMT on the efficacy of ICIs in cancer. ln the future, research on carcinogenesis mechanisms and advance cancer treatment focusing on the human microbiota will become in creakingly active.