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Peripheral nervous system dysfunction in cancer may arise from tumor invasion, treatment toxicities, surgery, infections, or nutritional deficits, leading to significant sensory, motor, and autonomic impairments. This article outlines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of cancer-related peripheral neuropathies, emphasizing diagnostic and functional assessment strategies. Rehabilitation interventions, including physical and occupational therapy, pain management, assistive technologies, and emerging modalities such as neuromuscular stimulation and virtual rehabilitation are discussed within an interdisciplinary framework. Special considerations during active treatment and survivorship are highlighted. Early integration of rehabilitation and continued research are essential to optimize outcomes and quality of life.