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Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium, posing a significant threat to human health. Patients with ILD have a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to the general population, which has led to growing clinical attention to the condition of ILD combined with lung cancer (ILD-LC). Nowadays, surgical intervention remains the primary treatment option for patients with ILD-LC. However, how to formulate individualized surgical strategies for this patient population represents a critical challenge in clinical practice. Additionally, patients with ILD-LC are prone to postoperative acute exacerbation of ILD (AE-ILD), which is often challenging to detect at an early stage and severely compromises prognosis. Against this background, this article systematically reviews key aspects of ILD-LC, including differential diagnosis, surgical strategies, and perioperative management, with particular emphasis on the recognition and management of postoperative AE-ILD. It aims to provide a reference for the surgical treatment of ILD-LC and to outline directions for future research.
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