The Current Application Prospects of Nanomedicine in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is one of the main causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), and its pathological mechanism is complex, mainly involving multiple pathological processes such as oxidative stress outbreak, uncontrolled inflammatory response, abnormal cell apoptosis, and microcirculatory disorders. Currently, there is a lack of efficient and accurate diagnosis and treatment strategies in clinical practice. As a cross discipline integrating nanomaterials, medicine and biology, nanomedicine has shown unique advantages and broad application prospects in the diagnosis and treatment field of RIRI in recent years. Its core carriers include inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoenzymes, extracellular vesicles, cell membrane camouflage nanoparticles and injectable nanohydrogels. The diagnosis and treatment system based on nanomedicine can breakthrough the limitations of traditional diagnosis and treatment models, and play an important role in early accurate diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, precise treatment of lesion sites, and prolonged drug circulation time in RIRI. It effectively solves pain points such as strong toxicity, short circulation time, and poor targeting of single drugs. However, the specific mechanism of action of nanomedicine in RIRI has not been fully elucidated, and issues such as the biosafety, in vivo metabolic patterns, and clinical translation bottlenecks of nanomedicine still need to be urgently addressed. This review aims to systematically review the application and mechanism research progress of nanomedicine in RIRI, briefly explain the core pathological mechanism of RIRI, focus on the application effects and mechanisms of nanomedicine systems composed of different types of nanocarriers in RIRI diagnosis and treatment, summarize the current research challenges and look forward to future development directions, providing theoretical basis and practical reference for in-depth research, technological breakthroughs, and clinical translation of nanomedicine in the field of RIRI.