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This article provides an overview of vascular and hematologic disorders affecting the central nervous system, highlighting their clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, differential diagnoses, and management considerations. It covers inflammatory vasculitis as well as noninflammatory entities including reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and moyamoya disease. Hematologic and thrombotic conditions are discussed along with treatment-related complications seen in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Across entities, MR imaging and angiographic techniques such as MR angiography and MR vessel wall imaging and digital subtraction angiography play a central role in diagnosis, while understanding characteristic patterns helps distinguish inflammatory, infectious, thrombotic, and treatment-related causes of neurologic injury.