Problematic smartphone use among adolescents is a growing public health concern closely associated with psychological distress and loneliness. Effective, culturally grounded, school-based interventions are needed.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 12-week program combining traditional social sports games and mental exercises on smartphone addiction, nomophobia, psychological distress, and loneliness in adolescents.

In this randomized controlled trial, 69 school-recruited Tunisian adolescents (aged 14-16 years) with clinically elevated smartphone addiction scores were assigned to an experimental group (n=36, 52.2%) or a control group (n=33, 47.8%). The experimental group received a 12-week intervention comprising 4 weekly sessions integrating traditional social sports games with mental exercises, whereas the control group continued standard physical education. Outcomes (smartphone addiction, nomophobia, psychological distress, and loneliness) were assessed at baseline and after the intervention using scales validated in Arabic.

Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, and BMI revealed significant group × time interactions of moderate magnitude across all outcomes (P<.05 in all cases) favoring the experimental group. Adjusted postintervention comparisons confirmed significantly lower scores in the experimental group for smartphone addiction, nomophobia, psychological distress, and loneliness (P<.05 in all cases; partial ηp2=0.08-0.12). Mediation analysis indicated that reductions in loneliness accounted for 34.4% of the intervention's effect on smartphone addiction, consistent with partial mediation.

A culturally adapted, school-based intervention combining traditional social sports games and mental exercises significantly reduced problematic smartphone use and improved psychological well-being. The partial mediation through reduced loneliness highlights the critical role of social connectedness in adolescent digital health interventions.

Medical residency is a demanding training stage characterized by high levels of stress and burnout. As digital natives, current medical trainees (ie, residents) are frequent users of social media; however, little is known about how their personal (nonprofessional) use relates to burnout and social media addiction (SMA).

This study aims to characterize the prevalence of SMA among Chinese medical trainees and explore its complex relationships with social media use patterns, occupational burnout, and related risk and protective factors.

A nationwide cross-sectional survey was deployed through Wenjuanxing and disseminated via WeChat between August 29 and September 10, 2024. Data included demographics, physical and psychiatric health history, work variables (eg, training year and night shifts), personality traits, and social media use. SMA was assessed using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of addiction, and mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to clarify the role of occupational burnout.

Of 3621 medical trainees, 211 (5.8%) met the criteria for SMA (Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale ≥24, indicating addiction). Second-year medical trainees reported the highest addiction prevalence (92/1159, 7.9%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher burnout (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.23-1.62; P<.001), longer daily use (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.23-1.56; P<.001), physical health problems (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.13-2.16; P=.006), and psychiatric history (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.41-2.84; P<.001) significantly increased the odds of addiction, whereas conscientiousness was protective (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.99; P=.02). Social media use showed significant U-shaped associations with burnout, physical health problems, psychiatric history, personality characteristics, and mental health outcomes. For example, medical trainees using social media 1 hour or less (104/404, 25.7% with psychiatric history) and more than 4 hours daily (97/419, 23.2% with psychiatric history) both had higher risk profiles than moderate users. Mediation analysis showed that occupational burnout explained 28.1% of the effect of psychiatric history and 29.6% of the effect of physical health problems on addiction risk.

This large-scale survey provides the first systematic characterization of SMA among Chinese medical trainees and elucidates its associated risks and protective factors. Burnout consistently emerged as a key and pervasive predictor of SMA, functioning both as an independent risk factor and as a mediator amplifying the impact of health-related vulnerabilities. Moreover, the findings highlight that both minimal and excessive daily social media use may signal distinct behavioral manifestations of distress, potentially reflecting different clinical phenotypes: digital disengagement under acute stress versus compulsive engagement driven by chronic burnout. Notably, while mental health symptoms exhibited U-shaped associations with usage, SMA risk increased progressively with daily duration. These results underscore the need for interventions that extend beyond simply monitoring usage duration, emphasizing strategies to reduce burnout and enhance the overall well-being of medical trainees.

Low physical activity (PA) is a well-established risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the temporal dynamics of PA preceding an incident clinical diagnosis of MDD remain poorly characterized, particularly using long-term, objective measures collected in real-world settings.

This study aimed to characterize trajectories of wearable-measured PA during the year preceding incident MDD diagnosis and identify the timing of within-person changes.

We conducted a retrospective nested case-control study using linked electronic health record and wearable (Fitbit) data from the All of Us Research Program. Adults with at least 6 months of valid Fitbit PA data in the 12 months preceding diagnosis were included. Incident MDD cases were identified based on a first electronic health record-recorded diagnosis and matched to MDD-free controls on age, sex, BMI, and calendar time of diagnosis, with up to 4 controls per case. Daily steps and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) were aggregated into monthly averages. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare prediagnostic PA trajectories between cases and controls over a retrospective time scale from -12 to 0 months. Among cases, within-person contrasts were used to identify when PA levels first showed statistically significant deviations relative to levels observed 12 months before diagnosis. Exploratory analyses assessed heterogeneity by demographic factors.

The analytic cohort included 4104 participants (n=829, 20.2% incident MDD cases and n=3275, 79.8% matched controls; n=3355, 81.7% women; median age 48.4, IQR 36.3-61.3 years). Compared with controls, individuals who developed MDD exhibited consistently lower overall PA and significant downward trajectories in both daily steps and MVPA during the year preceding diagnosis (global trajectory tests; P<.001 for both outcomes). Differences widened progressively over time, indicating accelerating declines as diagnosis approached. Among cases, statistically significant changes in daily step counts emerged approximately 4 months before diagnosis (-145, 95% CI -253 to -37 steps vs month -12; P=.02) and reached -428 (95% CI -531 to -326) steps at diagnosis (P<.001). Declines in MVPA emerged approximately 5 months before diagnosis (-2.48, 95% CI -4.32 to -0.64 minutes; P=.02) and reached -5.61 (95% CI -7.35 to -3.86) minutes at diagnosis (P<.001). Furthermore, exploratory analyses suggested heterogeneity in prediagnostic trajectories across demographic subgroups, including steeper declines among men, more pronounced reductions in activity intensity at older ages, and persistently lower activity levels with flatter trajectories among individuals with obesity.

Unlike prior studies lacking objective PA assessment before MDD diagnosis, this study linked wearable and clinical data to characterize long-term prediagnostic trajectories in real-world settings. We observed sustained within-person declines emerging 4 to 5 months before diagnosis, providing insights into temporal dynamics preceding clinical recognition. These findings suggest that wearable-based monitoring may offer scalable early signals for risk stratification, prevention, and intervention for MDD.

Large-scale online studies with healthy adults have documented consistent associations between transdiagnostic psychiatric traits and metacognitive biases. Here, analysis of existing and new large-scale datasets reveals that such correlations may be largely due to surface-level dimensions of questionnaire-filling behavior: systematic rating biases and inattentive responding. Specifically, a bias to report positive or negative values in self-report scales may generalize to confidence ratings, producing spurious correlations between the two. Additionally, systematic overconfidence among inattentive responders produces spurious positive correlations between confidence and the endorsement of rare symptoms. We show that previously identified transdiagnostic dimensions of "anxiety-depression" and "compulsivity and intrusive thought," both shown to correlate with decision confidence, map neatly onto these two biases of questionnaire-filling behavior. In a preregistered experiment, we further show that decision confidence and self-reported obsessive-compulsive tendencies are correlated with independent measures of inattentive and biased responding. Taken together, we find substantial influence of inattentive and biased responding over both self-report psychiatric measures and confidence ratings. When not accounted for, these factors can produce a mirage of apparent metacognitive alterations in mental health. We discuss concrete precautionary measures that are needed to control for these biases.

Curiosity plays a fundamental role in human learning, development, and motivation, and emerging evidence suggests that reduced curiosity is linked to poorer mental health outcomes, including depressive symptoms (DS). However, to date, the majority of curiosity research relies on self-report assessments and thus risks biased reporting. Virtual reality (VR), a novel tool increasingly used within mental health research and treatment, might represent a potent tool for offering ecologically valid insights into curiosity-driven behaviors while circumventing issues related to self-report assessments, including demand characteristics and recall bias.

The study aimed to enhance the assessment of curiosity by using a novel VR environment and to examine its relevance to DS. Specifically, we tested 2 hypotheses using a novel VR environment: first, that curiosity, as assessed through spontaneous exploratory interactions and behaviors in VR, positively correlates with self-reported curiosity, and second, that VR-based curiosity is inversely associated with DS.

This exploratory study used an observational design that included 100 volunteers. All participants completed self-reported assessments of DS and curiosity before engaging in a novel VR scenario. Although progression in the virtual environment required solving cognitive tasks, these were embedded as structural elements rather than framed as the primary objective. Instead, participants' free explorations and interactions with objects formed the basis for the 4 curiosity metrics used in this study. After VR exposure, participants completed a questionnaire assessing cybersickness symptoms.

Hypothesis 1 was not supported, as only one curiosity metric, namely object interactions, was positively associated with one aspect of curiosity relating to motivation to seek new knowledge and experiences. Further, diminishing significance after correction for multiple testing warranted caution. Results relating to hypothesis 2 indicated partial support, in that object interaction was significantly associated with DS while controlling for age, sex, and cybersickness levels. Sensitivity analyses showed no associations between object interactions and self-reported anxiety and stress symptoms.

VR may be a potent tool for assessing exploratory behaviors in a controlled, yet ecologically valid, environment that avoids issues related to self-report. However, whether such motivations translate to established curiosity constructs warrants further research. This study also provided preliminary insights into how assessing exploratory interactions in VR may be a promising avenue that could enhance the understanding of the etiology and assessment of DS-particularly its early stages.

Healthy aging has emerged as a global priority. However, older adults' participation in health promotion programs remains low, and traditional health promotion models have achieved limited success in fostering sustained engagement among this population. Mobile health (mHealth)-based gamification interventions offer a promising way to address these challenges. However, no published reviews support or oppose the use of mHealth-based gamification interventions as health promotion strategies in older adults.

The study aimed to identify mHealth interventions using gamification to promote health among older adults.

Our scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute recommendations for scoping reviews and Arksey and O'Malley's framework. The process followed PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines and PRISMA-S (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Literature Search Extension) checklist. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across 8 databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycARTICLES, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library, from their inception to December 10, 2025. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts via Rayyan, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer.

This scoping review identified 11 studies. Only 1 article was published before 2022. The interventions were found to improve enjoyment and motivation (n=5), cognitive function (n=3), physical activity (n=2), and digital literacy (n=2). Individual studies also reported improvements in mental health (n=1) and adherence (n=1), a reduction in suicidal ideation (n=1), improvements in physical function (n=1), the promotion of social engagement (n=1), and the identification of mild cognitive impairment (n=1). Game elements used were ranked by frequency as progress, challenges, goals, levels, reward, sensation, storytelling or narration, leaderboard, surprise, and avatar. No research was found to use the game element of "social sharing." mHealth types included augmented and virtual reality-based training systems, wearable devices, mobile phones, tablets, and Windows platforms and devices. Notably, only 4 studies applied theoretical frameworks, and 3 omitted the concrete approach to gamification.

As the first scoping review to identify and map mHealth-based gamification interventions for older adults, this study highlights their potential as an innovative approach to health promotion. By systematically synthesizing evidence regarding intervention designs, gamification strategies, and preliminary health outcomes, it establishes a foundation for future inquiry. However, this review is limited by the small number of included studies, precluding broad generalizations. Future research should assess long-term impacts, integrate theoretical frameworks, establish reporting guidelines, design personalized social-interactive interventions, and expand to broader health domains. Ultimately, these insights provide targeted guidance for developing age-appropriate digital health solutions, contributing to the realization of active aging.

Community-based informal reciprocal interactions (natural supports) enhance individual and community well-being. Like social connections, natural supports aim to establish supportive and healthy environments, but with a greater focus on local surroundings. This study explored natural support approaches within communities in an urban Canadian center. Employing grounded theory, purposive and theoretical sampling identified participants familiar with the community and its opportunities and activities, referred to as community champions. These champions were interviewed about their perceptions of resident connectivity and the key facilitators and barriers related to natural supports approaches in their communities. Themes and categories emerged, leading to the development of a theory. The overarching theory posited "building a community's capacity to transition from disconnected to naturally supportive: the need for connectors, assets, and action to empower residents". Community connectors and assets facilitate natural support approaches within urban community settings. Limited access to space and challenges in recruiting and retaining volunteers were identified as barriers. The findings empower knowledge users, such as community planners, to invest in and promote community natural supports approaches to enhance resident and community well-being. Future directions for this study include the implementation and evaluation of natural support approaches within communities.

Mental health disorders affect around one in seven adolescents globally. In India, home to one-fifth of the world's adolescent population, attention to adolescent mental health is increasing, but access to care remains limited, particularly for Adivasi (Indigenous) adolescents. Understanding how Adivasi adolescents conceptualise psychosocial distress and the kinds of support they value is essential to design supportive interventions. We conducted a qualitative study in rural West Singhbhum, Jharkhand. Using purposive sampling, we recruited 88 participants: 53 adolescents aged 10-19 years, 13 teachers, 11 parents, three community health workers, and eight mental health programme staff aged 18-25 years. Trained peer interviewers conducted semi-structured interviews and group discussions with adolescents in the Ho Adivasi language. A team including experienced Ho researchers and peer interviewers analysed data using the Framework approach. Adolescents, parents, and teachers used variations of the Ho root word "udu" to describe distress. "Udu" denoted thoughts or worries, depending on context. Sources of "udu" included family responsibilities and societal expectations that grew with age: girls were expected to do household work and received less support for school, while boys described income-earning pressures and a lack of emotional outlets. Other "udu" causes included violence at home, school, and public spaces, as well as family separation through migration, remarriage, or parental loss. Impacts of severe "udu" ranged from social withdrawal and strained relationships to early marriage, migration for work, and suicide attempts. Adolescents experiencing "udu" preferred informal support from friends, siblings, or teachers, while those with experience of help from respectful community health workers or trusted, trained older peers valued these. Group-based support was widely acceptable. Strengthening access to early care, alongside measures supporting family livelihoods and social protection, could improve Ho and broader Adivasi adolescent mental health.

Disability is increasingly experienced by women ageing with HIV and multimorbidity. The Episodic Disability Questionnaire (EDQ) measures the presence, severity, and episodic nature of disability across six domains. We evaluated EDQ properties among women living with HIV in the United Kingdom.

Participants in the Positive Transitions Through the Menopause (PRIME) study completed the EDQ at two timepoints (1 week apart), criterion measures (WHODAS 2.0, EQ-5D-5L, Work and Social Adjustment Scale), and a demographic questionnaire. We evaluated internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement precision (Minimum Detectable Change (MDC) 95%), and construct validity. We assessed disability prevalence using WHODAS 2.0 (moderate threshold) and Equality Act Disability Definition (severe threshold).

Of 104 participants (median age 56 years, 65% Black ethnicity), 93 (89%) completed the EDQ twice. Median duration since HIV diagnosis was 23 years; 98% had undetectable viral loads and 86% reported multimorbidity. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.83 (social domain) to 0.92 (daily activities domain). ICC ranged from 0.70 (physical domain) to 0.91 (daily activities domain). Precision varied, highest in daily activities (MDC95%: 6.10) and lowest in mental-emotional domains (MDC95%: 11.52). The EDQ met 80% (n = 47/59) of construct validity hypotheses. Disability prevalence was 79.81% (95%CI 70.57, 86.79) moderate and 41.75% (32.24, 51.88) severe.

The EDQ possesses internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity with varied precision among women living with HIV. Disability prevalence in this sample was higher than in the general population. The EDQ offers value for research, clinical practice, and national policy by enabling measurement and description of disability, supporting intervention evaluation, and informing priority-setting and healthcare service planning for women living with HIV in the UK.

Nursing is intrinsically demanding, exposing practitioners to substantial workloads, emotional labour, and systemic healthcare challenges that contribute to significant psychological distress. In Ghana, the compounding effects of structural deficiencies within the healthcare system make nurses particularly vulnerable. However, research on culturally informed coping strategies within this population remains limited. This study examined the association between psychological distress and Africentric coping strategies among 248 nurses in public healthcare facilities in the Central and Greater Accra regions of Ghana.

Data were collected using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory (ACSI). Psychological distress was operationalised as the summed HADS total score (range: 0-42). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations.

The mean HADS anxiety score was 12.22 (SD = 3.14) and mean depression score was 11.27 (SD = 3.06), indicating elevated anxiety and moderate depressive symptoms. Mean ACSI subscale scores were: Cognitive/Emotional Debriefing M = 2.11 (SD = 0.61), Spiritual-Centred Coping M = 2.18 (SD = 0.73), Collective Coping M = 1.96 (SD = 0.58), and Ritual-Centred Coping M = 0.75 (SD = 0.34). Spiritual (r = - .268, p < .05) and collective coping (r = - .587, p < .05) were significantly and negatively associated with psychological distress; cognitive and ritual coping were not. In regression models, only spiritual (β = -2.681) and collective (β = -0.811) coping demonstrated significant negative associations with distress. Demographic factors including gender, marital status, and professional rank were significant predictors of distress.

These findings highlight the importance of culturally and contextually tailored mental health support that incorporates spiritual resources and peer support networks. The study provides empirical evidence to guide healthcare policy, workplace mental health programming, and culturally responsive nursing practice in sub-Saharan Africa.

Not applicable.