This study aims to evaluate cognitive function in patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) and investigate its association with variables such as serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). Artificial intelligence algorithms, specifically eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), were utilized for analysis and interpretation.

A total of 216 patients diagnosed with CSVD were enrolled from the Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, between November 2019 and August 2020. Clinical and biochemical data-including triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, C-peptide, anti-human insulin antibodies, and IGF-1-were obtained under standardized laboratory protocols. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Based on cognitive performance, patients were categorized into CSVD with cognitive impairment and CSVD without cognitive impairment.

The original cohort included 216 patients with CSVD, comprising 50 patients with MCI and 166 patients without MCI. To address class imbalance during model development, SMOTE-NC was applied within the development dataset. The XGBoost model achieved a precision of 0.790, recall of 0.901, F1 score of 0.820, accuracy of 0.833, and Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.667 in the validation cohort. Feature importance analysis identified key predictors, while SHAP values enabled intuitive visualization of each feature's impact. Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) confirmed the model's clinical utility and net benefit, underscoring its potential for early MCI detection and targeted intervention to improve patient outcomes.

Combining XGBoost and SHAP enhances model interpretability, facilitating the identification of critical risk factors such as reduced IGF-1 levels in MoCA-defined MCI in patients with CSVD. This AI-driven approach offers a valuable tool for informing treatment decisions and optimizing healthcare resource allocation.

Atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFl) frequently coexists with chronic heart failure (CHF), yet its impact on in-hospital outcomes in large, unselected populations remains insufficiently defined.

We analyzed all hospitalizations for CHF (ICD-10-GM I50*) in Germany from 2014 to 2022 using nationwide administrative data. Patients were stratified by rhythm status (AFl vs. non-AFl). Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, complications, length of stay, and health care costs. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of mortality.

Among 4,057,291 hospitalizations, 56.9% had AFl. These patients were older (median 82 vs. 79 years), more often female, and showed a higher comorbidity burden, particularly CKD, hypertension, and stroke. AFl was associated with higher rates of complications such as AKI (11.9% vs. 9.7%; p < 0.001) and cardiogenic shock (1.15% vs. 1.03%; p < 0.001), but lower use of mechanical ventilation and assist devices. Despite this, in-hospital mortality was slightly lower in AFl (8.30% vs. 8.66%). AFl patients had longer median hospital stays (8 vs. 7 days), while costs were comparable. Ventilated AFl patients had longer ventilation times (28 vs. 21 hours). In multivariable analysis, AFl was independently associated with higher mortality in most age groups, except for patients aged 40-49, 80-89, and > 90 years.

In this nationwide cohort, AFl was common among CHF patients and linked to more advanced disease. Its impact on in-hospital mortality was age-dependent and complex, highlighting the need for tailored clinical management.

Hypertension (HTN) is a common and complex disorder influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factor, where the underlying mechanisms of its etiology remain incompletely understood although the identification of several contributing elements. This research sought to evaluate the possible relationship between genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and With-No-Lysine Kinase 1 (WNK1) genes and susceptibility to hypertension.

Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 220 individuals with hypertension and 220 normotensive controls. Genotyping of MTHFR (rs1801133 and rs1801131) and WNK1 (AluYb8) polymorphisms was performed using direct PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. The resulting data were subjected to appropriate statistical analyses.

A statistically significant association was identified between the rs1801131 polymorphism of the MTHFR gene and susceptibility to hypertension (p = 0.0006). This association remained significant under the codominant, dominant, and recessive genetic models, with all p-values < 0.016. Furthermore, the CC haplotype of the MTHFR gene showed a significant association with hypertension (OR = 2.02, p = 1e-04).

These findings indicate that the MTHFR rs1801131 polymorphism is significantly associated with hypertension susceptibility and may represent a potential genetic marker. This highlights its relevance for future studies exploring genotype-driven risk assessment and personalized approaches to hypertension management.

The relationship between Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and specific cardiovascular outcomes, particularly macrovascular events such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) and venous thromboembolism (VTE), has not been examined in a population-based study. The current study investigated the association between NMOSD and the risks of PAD and VTE.

This retrospective cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with new-onset NMOSD between 2003 and 2020. Patients with previous PAD or VTE were excluded. Each patient was matched to five general patients for comparison using propensity score matching. In total, the study included 2,027 patients with NMOSD and 10,135 matched general population controls. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate PAD and VTE risk, with relevant variables controlled for. NMOSD was stratified by severity to further verify the association between disease severity and macrovascular event risk. The control variables considered in this study were sex, age, insured salary, urbanization, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and related comorbidities.

The average follow-up of all participants was 7.01 person-years. After adjustments for relevant variables, patients with NMOSD had significantly higher risks of PAD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.92) and VTE (aHR = 4.81; 95% CI: 3.08-7.52). The risk of vascular events was strongly associated with disease severity. Severe NMOSD was associated with markedly increased risks of PAD (aHR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.41-3.61) and VTE (aHR = 11.69; 95% CI: 6.86-19.90), whereas mild and moderate disease did not significantly increase PAD risk.

NMOSD is a significant risk factor for PAD and VTE. These findings highlight the importance of proactive vascular risk assessment and preventive management in patients with NMOSD.

Transgender individuals represent a marginalised population, often exposed to unique psychosocial stressors, limited healthcare access, and social exclusion, all of which may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence focusing exclusively on the cardiovascular outcomes in this group remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of major cardiovascular morbidities among transgender adults.

A systematic search of five databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was conducted to identify observational studies reporting cardiovascular outcomes in transgender individuals aged ≥18 years. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022383213). The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies published in English. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers using standardised tools. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test.

10 eligible studies that focused on transgender individuals were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence rates were hypertension 21% (95% CI: 12-36; I ² = 99.0%), stroke/CVA 5% (95% CI: 3-8; I ² = 84.3%), coronary artery disease (CAD) 3% (95% CI: 1-19; I ² = 98.8%), and myocardial infarction (MI) 7% (95% CI: 6-9; I ² = 75.5%). Funnel plots indicated a symmetrical distribution for hypertension and stroke, suggesting low publication bias, whereas asymmetry was noted for CAD and MI.

This review revealed a substantial burden of cardiovascular morbidity among transgender individuals, warranting routine screening and targeted preventive strategies in this population. Policymakers and healthcare providers should consider inclusive approaches to reduce cardiovascular risk. Further longitudinal studies and comparative analyses of cisgender populations are essential for guiding evidence-based interventions.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022383213, identifier: CRD42022383213.

While prolonged sedentary behavior is an established contributor to hemorrhoidal disease, the precise quantitative impact of dietary fiber within sedentary occupational cohorts remains to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the dose-response relationship between fiber consumption and hemorrhoid prevalence among professionals in sedentary roles.

In this cross-sectional investigation of 421 sedentary professionals, dietary patterns were evaluated via validated instruments, and hemorrhoid status was determined through a combination of clinical assessment and symptom-based screening. We utilized multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Furthermore, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, adjusted for age, BMI, exercise habits, and sedentary duration, was employed to model the dose-response landscape.

The cohort exhibited a hemorrhoid prevalence of 38.95%. Multivariable-adjusted models revealed a significant inverse correlation between total fiber intake and hemorrhoid risk (P for trend < 0.001). Compared with the lowest energy-adjusted intake group (< 13.1 g/d), participants in the highest quartile (>18.5 g/d) had lower odds of hemorrhoids (adjusted OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32-0.98). RCS regression identified a non-linear "L-shaped" association (P for non-linearity = 0.024). The curve showed visual flattening near 25 g/d, which should be interpreted as a descriptive pattern rather than a statistically validated threshold.

Higher dietary fiber intake was independently associated with lower hemorrhoid prevalence among sedentary workers. Because of the cross-sectional design, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of causality. Prospective studies are needed to clarify temporality and to determine whether increasing dietary fiber intake can reduce future hemorrhoid occurrence.

Oral frailty among coronary heart disease (CHD) patients is prevalent and harmful. CHD patients have encountered serious physical and psychological health issues. Social support is a crucial protective factor in chronic disease management. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the specific association among CHD patients. Depressive symptoms and nutritional risk have been demonstrated to be associated with oral frailty, but the mediating role between them under the influence of social support remains to be further explored. This study aimed to investigate the chain mediating effect of depressive symptoms and nutritional risk between social support and oral frailty among CHD patients.

This is a cross-sectional study involving 500 hospitalized CHD patients, conducted from September 2025 to January 2026. The assessment tools used included a demographic characteristics, the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the PHQ-9 Depression Screening Scale (PHQ-9), the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS 2002), and the Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8). Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine relationships among variables, and the Bootstrap method (with 5,000 repeated samples) was employed to test for mediating effects.

The prevalence of oral frailty among CHD patients was 57.60%. The mean scores for social support, depressive symptoms, nutritional risk, and oral frailty were (37.67 ± 8.15), (13.41 ± 3.47), (1.12 ± 1.13), and (4.80 ± 2.86), respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that oral frailty was negatively correlated with social support and positively correlated with depressive symptoms and nutritional risk. Mediation analysis indicated that social support not only directly influences oral frailty but also indirectly influenced it through depressive symptoms, nutritional risk, and the chain path between depressive symptom and nutritional risk; the chain mediation effect accounted for 15.57% of the total effect. After adjusting for covariate, the mediation effects remained statistically significant.

The study showed that social support can predict oral frailty through depressive symptoms and nutritional risk. It is recommended that healthcare professionals provide comprehensive interventions to enhance social support for CHD patients and actively manage their depressive symptoms and nutritional risks to prevent the progression of oral frailty.

To systematically evaluate the effects of exercise interventions on post-stroke depression (PSD) and to clarify the dose-response relationship between physical activity dosage and depressive symptoms in individuals with PSD.

A structured and comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Restricted cubic spline models were applied to examine the dose-response association between physical activity dosage and depressive symptoms in PSD.

A total of 27 publications comprising 31 randomized controlled trials were included, involving 2,247 participants. The meta-analysis indicated that exercise intervention was associated with a modest improvement in depressive symptoms among patients with PSD [SMD = -0.15, 95% CI (-0.23, -0.07), p < 0.01], with moderate heterogeneity (I ² = 41.9%). Dose-response analysis revealed a non-linear association between exercise dosage and symptom improvement, with the greatest apparent benefit observed at approximately 801 MET-min/week. Subgroup analyses suggested that more favorable improvements were more commonly observed in interventions characterized by resistance training [SMD = -0.55, 95% CI (-0.85, -0.25)], a frequency of 1-2 sessions per week [SMD = -0.41, 95% CI (-0.67, -0.15)], a session duration of ≤30 min [SMD = -0.44, 95% CI (-0.70, -0.19)], and an intervention duration of 9-12 weeks [SMD = -0.16, 95% CI (-0.27, -0.05)].

Moderate-dose exercise intervention, approximately 801 MET-min/week, was associated with a modest improvement in post-stroke depressive symptoms. These findings provide a reference for optimizing exercise dosage and informing individualized prescription strategies for patients with PSD.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251167322, identifier (CRD420251167322).

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment based on single-time-point measurements may inadequately capture the dynamic interplay of obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Understanding their long-term co-evolution may improve CVD risk stratification.

We conducted a prospective cohort study using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Participants aged ≥ 45 years with repeated measurements of body mass index (BMI), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) between 2011 and 2015 were included. Joint trajectories of these obesity-metabolic-inflammatory markers were identified using the KmL3D clustering algorithm. Incident CVD (heart disease or stroke) was ascertained during follow-up from 2015 to 2020. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate associations between trajectory groups and CVD risk after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates.

Among 4483 participants (mean age 57.8 years; 52.6% women), four distinct joint trajectory patterns were identified: a sustained low-risk profile (46.8%), an obesity-predominant profile (26.7%), a metabolic-obesity-driven profile (17.1%), and an inflammation-dominant profile (9.4%). During a median follow-up of 5.0 years, 592 incident CVD events occurred. Compared with the low-risk profile, all adverse trajectory groups were associated with significantly higher CVD risk, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.35 to 1.46 after full adjustment. Associations were more pronounced for stroke, particularly among individuals with a metabolic-obesity-driven trajectory. Findings were robust across sensitivity analyses.

Distinct dynamic co-evolution patterns of obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and inflammation identify population subgroups with substantially different risks of incident CVD.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, with a substantial clinical, organizational, and economic impact on the Italian National Health Service (NHS). On behalf of the National Center for Clinical Excellence, Quality and Safety of Care of the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS), the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) promoted the development of consensus-based recommendations for good clinical practice (RBPCA) for the diagnosis and management of ACS, with the aim of integrating and contextualizing the most recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines within the Italian healthcare setting. The recommendations were developed through a multidisciplinary Consensus Conference, according to the ISS methodological framework, addressing 16 clinical and organizational issues of major relevance related to the diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of ACS. The RBPCA aim to reduce variability in clinical management, promote appropriateness and uniformity of care, and improve clinical outcomes for patients with ACS within the context of the Italian NHS.