Research on social media use, fear of missing out (FoMO), sleep disturbance, and health complaints has been dominated by survey-based studies, particularly among adolescents and university students. Less is known about how users spontaneously describe these experiences in naturalistic online settings. This exploratory pilot study examined how publicly available Reddit discussions narrate the relationship between social media use, FoMO-related concern, sleep disruption, and self-reported physical complaints.

A total of 30 publicly available English-language Reddit posts and comments were purposively sampled from 11 threads dated August 2022 to March 2026. The study used exploratory qualitative content analysis supported by reflexive thematic interpretation. Structured indicators were used to describe whether each unit contained explicit FoMO language, implicit FoMO-related concern, sleep disturbance, physical health complaints, and nighttime use or sleep loss. Thematic coding was used to identify dominant discourse patterns. All counts and percentages are reported only to characterize the analytic corpus and should not be interpreted as prevalence estimates.

Within the corpus, sleep disturbance appeared in 16 of 30 units, nighttime use or sleep loss in 15, physical health complaints in 11, explicit FoMO language in 6, and implicit FoMO-related concern in 3. The dominant themes were delayed sleep and bedtime displacement, somatic and cognitive overload, self-regulation and recovery, and compulsive monitoring and comparison. Sleep-related complaints were usually described alongside bedtime scrolling, delayed disengagement, or lost sleep opportunity. FoMO-related concern was less often expressed through formal terminology and more often appeared through everyday descriptions of checking, comparison, and difficulty disconnecting.

This small exploratory corpus suggests that Reddit users often describe social media-related strain through practical behavioral language, such as late-night scrolling, inability to stop, lost sleep, next-day fatigue, headache, and brain fog. The findings are descriptive, discourse-focused, and hypothesis-generating. They do not estimate population prevalence or establish causal health effects. To improve transparency, the revised study provides a de-identified analytic matrix of all 30 coded Reddit units and reports a strengthened coding procedure with independent second-coder checking. Naturally occurring online discourse may complement survey-based digital-health research by showing how users themselves frame the embodied experience of digital over-engagement.

The digital transition in school settings is reshaping children's learning, writing practices, and mental health trajectories. This narrative review examines whether handwriting still matters in contemporary hybrid educational environments from a multidisciplinary perspective.

Evidence from neuroscience, developmental psychology, educational sciences, pediatrics, and child psychiatry was narratively synthesized, with attention to handwriting, digital exposure, learning, emotional regulation, and vulnerable populations.

Handwriting uniquely integrates fine motor control, visuomotor coordination, orthographic processing, attention, and embodied cognition, supporting early literacy, memory consolidation, conceptual learning, and reflective writing. Conversely, excessive or poorly mediated digital exposure may interact with attentional fragmentation, sleep disruption, online stressors, problematic use, and internalizing symptoms, particularly in vulnerable children and adolescents. Digital tools remain essential for personalization, accessibility, and compensatory support, especially for students with neurodevelopmental or learning difficulties.

Handwriting and digital technologies should not be framed as competing educational paradigms. A developmentally sensitive hybrid model is needed, preserving handwriting during key stages of literacy and self-regulation while integrating digital tools as purposeful, individualized resources for learning, inclusion, and school mental health promotion.

Household food insecurity (FI) impacts child health and development. Children have distinct and unique experiences of FI, and child self-report measures are increasingly used. However, there is limited reporting of children's comprehension and engagement with these measures within local settings. The Child Food Insecurity Experiences Scale (CFIES) is a 10-item child self-report tool that is widely used, despite limited validity evidence. This study aimed to explore the face and content validity of the CFIES in an Australian context.

We used cognitive interviews with 25 children aged 8-12 years to document CFIES comprehension. Data were analyzed using inductive and deductive approaches.

Children demonstrated awareness of FI (even when food secure themselves) and displayed sophisticated understanding of its social ramifications. While the overall perception of the tool was generally positive, we uncovered that not all key terms or emotion words were universally understood, potentially impacting validity. Similarly, conditional clauses or question modifiers were sometimes overlooked. In addition, the 12-month response timeframe and the answering categories ("many times", "one or two times" or "never") proved challenging for some children. In addition to the item-specific impressions, children provided nuanced ideation across four broader themes, which may impact item interpretation and willingness to answer: perceptions of hunger; micro and macroeconomics affecting households; social identity and comparison; and caregiver protection dynamics. Children indicated the need to consider survey modality and ensure privacy.

A global tool that reflects children's cross-cultural conceptualization of FI represents a pragmatic and feasible way to monitor change in FI across regions and may aid advocacy efforts. However, this study suggests the need for further modifications to the CFIES and the necessity to build rapport with communities and organizations that allow for the interpretation of the data within the contextual considerations.

Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is an internationally recognized training program designed to improve mental health literacy, reduce stigma, and train non-clinicians with supportive skills to assist individuals experiencing psychological distress. Although prior research has demonstrated trainees' short-term improvements in knowledge and attitudes, less is known about their post-certification perceptions. Here, we assess the likelihood of trainees' continued application of MHFA concepts several months after certification. The current study examined the participants' self-reported perceptions of the behavioral and attitudinal outcomes three to six months following training, including, help-seeking behaviors, self-efficacy, stigma-related attitudes, and functional application of intervention skills.

A mixed-methods, cross-sectional design was employed using a structured web-based survey administered to MHFA-trained participants. The survey included demographic items, Likert-scale measures of confidence, behavioral engagement, and stigma-related attitudes, as well as open-ended qualitative prompts. Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha, exploratory factor analysis, assumption diagnostics, and nonparametric hypothesis testing using Mann-Whitney U tests. Qualitative responses were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns related to long-term training impact.

Participants reported increases in self-confidence and behavioral engagement following MHFA training. More than 80% of participants indicated they had recommended professional mental health services to others after certification. Psychometric evaluation demonstrated strong internal consistency for the six-item self-stigma scale (α = 0.90), with a unidimensional factor structure explaining 60.4% of the variance, whereas the public stigma scale showed weaker internal reliability (α = 0.45). Qualitative themes included increased self-awareness, stigma reduction, advocacy behavior, professional empowerment, and institutional validation of mental health priorities.

The findings suggest participants perceived continued confidence, reduced internalized stigma, and engagement in supportive mental health behaviors following MHFA training. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the cross-sectional design, self-reported measures, and highly engaged sample.

To describe the role of the Risk and Protective Factors Indicator Management Committee (RPF CGI) in the resumption and update of the Interagency Health Information Network (Rede Interagencial de Informações para a Saúde - Ripsa) indicator matrix in 2023, highlighting the sustainability of data sources and validation processes.

Interinstitutional technical meetings were held between 2023 and 2025, involving 36 institutions, to review, define, and validate the indicators using a standardized indicator qualification form. A consensus was reached to use data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico - Vigitel), National Study of Infant Feeding and Nutrition (Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil - Enani), Live Birth Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos - Sinasc), National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS), Household Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF), National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE), National Demographic and Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde - PNDS), Annual Industrial Survey - Product (Pesquisa Industrial Anual - Produto - PIA-Produto), National Survey on Health and Nutrition (Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição - PNSN), and National Oral Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal - SB Brasil). The matrix was expanded to 39 indicators, distributed across nine dimensions: noncommunicable chronic diseases, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, nutritional status, dietary intake, childbirth, violence, and oral health.

The RPF CGI contributed to the qualification and sustainability of Ripsa indicators, which are essential for monitoring public policies, supporting evidence-based decision-making, and addressing health inequalities, aligning with national and international agendas such as the Sustainable Development Goals.

School-based interventions can improve adolescent health outcomes and tackle the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). Results to date are variable, partly due to lack of cultural adaptation of Westernised models and limited focus on implementation processes. The aim of the ISOBAR project is to develop, implement, and test a school-based intervention to address the emergence of mental and physical (i.e., nutritional, physical inactivity) health problems in LMICs. The three-stage intervention comprises (1) assessment for mental and physical health problems, (2) universal health literacy, and (3) indicated counselling.

The ISOBAR multi-site project comprises three phases: (1) pre-intervention (co-development and cultural adaptation of the intervention); (2) implementation of the intervention; and (3) post-intervention evaluation. The intervention will be delivered using a staggered roll-out design to introduce the intervention sequentially to three schools per site (nine in total) in Chennai, Gujarat (India), and Ibadan (Nigeria). Each school will receive the intervention by the end of the study period. Local teams will recruit 200 adolescents per school (Total n=1, 800). All adolescents (in intervention and control conditions) will be assessed for mental health/behavioural problems and nutritional/weight problems at baseline. Adolescents in the intervention school will receive the universal health literacy intervention (main cohort), and those adolescents reaching pre-determined thresholds on mental health and/or nutritional indices (sub-cohort) will be referred to school-based counselling support. A suite of assessments will be conducted throughout the study period including: (1) intervention effectiveness (e.g., impact on help-seeking, weight, and mental health and behavioural outcomes); (2) implementation processes (e.g., facilitators and barriers) and outcomes (e.g., acceptability, appropriateness, sustainability); and (3) cost-effectiveness.

The study was approved by the University of Warwick's Biomedical and Scientific Research Ethics Committee (BSREC 36/23-24) and the institutional ethics committees of all participating sites. Research findings will be disseminated through peer reviewed scientific publications, public announcements in local communities, policy briefings, print and online media, and institutional and professional social media accounts and websites.

Background In 2016, Nepal adopted the World Health Organization's Package of Essential Non-Communicable Disease Interventions (PEN) to address the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study evaluated the primary healthcare system's readiness to prevent and manage major NCDs, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), and associated factors. Methodology: We conducted a convergent parallel mixed-methods study between 2020 and 2022. We assessed 105 primary healthcare facilities selected through multistage stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (WHO-SARA) tool and analyzed using survey-weighted descriptive and multivariable linear regression. Simultaneously, we conducted qualitative interviews with 23 health authorities and 47 health service providers involved in PEN implementation. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed using WHO-SARA domains. Results NCD service readiness was highest for CVDs (48.4, 95% CI: 44.5-52.3), followed by DM (40.8, 95% CI: 36.1-45.5), and CRDs (34.8, 95% CI: 30.8-38.9). Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCCs), primary healthcare facilities in hilly regions, or those charging user fees, demonstrated higher NCD service readiness than health posts, mountain-region primary healthcare facilities, and those without user fees. Qualitative findings associated higher NCD service readiness with better infrastructure, medical supplies, training opportunities, and social health insurance. High staff turnover and limited medical supplies hindered NCD service delivery, particularly in health posts and remote regions. Conclusion Primary healthcare facilities in Nepal lack equipment, medicines, trained staff, and NCD guidelines. The government could enhance NCD service readiness by building capacity and improving the availability of medical supplies.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes and is recognized as the leading cause of visual impairment. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a nonenzymatic antioxidant that restores other antioxidants, and its benefits in reducing inflammation in various disorders have been demonstrated. In this context, the primary aim of this survey was to evaluate the beneficial effects of CoQ10 on oxidative status, pro-inflammatory cytokines, β-secretase (BACE1) activity, and contrast sensitivity (CS) score in DR patients, and more importantly, the correlation of BACE1 with oxidative status and inflammatory parameters.

74 DR patients (38 females and 36 males) were divided into two groups as placebo and CoQ10. The treatment process took 12 weeks. One group received 200mg cellulose acetate as a placebo, and the other group received 200 mg CoQ10. Before and after finishing the treatment process, 10ml of venous blood samples were taken from all participants to measure changes in CoQ10, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase activity (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and BACE1 activity in the serum. Moreover, the CS scores were also evaluated.

all the measured oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters, BACE1 activity, and also CS score were attenuated after treatment with CoQ10 in the DR patients (P<0.05). Moreover, after evaluating the correlation between BACE1 activity with oxidative stress and inflammatory paradigms, it was shown that there were significant correlations.

CoQ10 supplementation increases CS score in DR patients, which can be due to a decrease in BACE1 activity. Furthermore, the reduction in BACE1 activity in DR patients was partly related to the enhancement of the antioxidant defense system and a reduction in inflammation, as there was a high correlation between BACE1 activity and these parameters.

To identify patterns of non-communicable disease (NCD) multimorbidity among Iranian adults and assess their associations with sociodemographic factors and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2021 Iranian STEPS Survey, which follows the WHO STEPwise approach to collecting information on NCD risk factors.

A community-based, nationally representative household survey conducted across Iran.

A total of 17 517 Iranian adults with complete survey data were included. Of these, 56.7% were women and 67.4% lived in urban areas.

Latent class analysis was used to identify multimorbidity clusters based on chronic disease profiles, including myocardial infarction, stroke, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, obesity (abdominal and defined by the body mass index), hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and dyslipidaemia. Associations between cluster membership, demographic characteristics and HRQOL (measured using the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale, EQ-VAS) were examined using multinomial logistic regression.

Four distinct multimorbidity clusters were identified: obesity with severe metabolic syndrome (OSMS, 13.0%), obesity with early metabolic syndrome (OEMS, 39.3%), low comorbidity (LC, 42.4%) and non-obese cardiometabolic multimorbidity (NOCM, 5.2%). Cluster membership varied significantly by sex, age, education, occupation and insurance status. Older age, female sex, lower education, unpaid work and urban residence were associated with OSMS and OEMS, while male sex, older age, retirement and complementary insurance were associated with NOCM. EQ-VAS scores were significantly lower in the OSMS (β = -8.5; 95% CI -10.1 to -6.9), OEMS (β = -2.1; 95% CI -3.2 to -1.1) and NOCM (β = -6.2; 95% CI -8.2 to -4.2) clusters compared with the LC cluster.

Multimorbidity clusters in Iran are heterogeneous and linked to demographic and socioeconomic factors. Obesity and social disadvantage strongly shape disease patterns and HRQOL. Findings highlight the need for integrated, equity-oriented policies addressing both clinical complexity and social determinants through prevention and coordinated care.

Globally, dietary patterns have shifted over recent decades due to economic growth and urbanization, contributing to nutritional improvement and emerging diet related health challenges. However, few studies have compared long-term food supply trends across countries at different stages of economic development and the nutrition transition. We examined trends in energy supply (2010-2022), protein, and fat (1982 and 2022) supply in Tanzania, Ghana, South Africa, and Malaysia.

Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization - Food Balance Sheets were used to assess national-level energy supply, analyzed in Stata version 18 using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and linear regression to evaluate trends in nutrient supply and their association with GDP per capita.

Economic growth was associated with increases in food supply across the four countries. Malaysia, with the highest GDP, reported an increase in energy (2,822.8 kcal/capita/day), protein (77.4 g/capita/day), and fat (89.6 g/capita/day) supply. Ghana, despite having the second lowest GDP, reported the highest energy supply (2,863.8 kcal/capita/day) and a 101% increase in protein supply, suggesting improvement in dietary diversity. In contrast, Tanzania, which experienced the lowest GDP growth, recorded the lowest energy (2,274.8 kcal/capita/day) and protein (55.6 g/capita/day) supply. Fat emerged as the secondary energy source in Malaysia and South Africa, both exhibited high sugar supply. Across all countries, animal protein supply increased more rapidly than plant protein supply. However, South Africa experienced an 18.5% decline in plant-based protein supply, indicating a gradual shift away from traditional dietary patterns. Correlation analysis showed a statistical significant relationship (p < 0.05) between GDP per capita and fat and protein supply, significant association between GDP per capita and both protein and fat supply (p < 0.05), with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.60 to 0.94 for protein supply and from r = 0.51 to 0.93 for fat supply.

Trends in per capita energy, protein, and fat supply reveal uneven changes across the four countries, reflecting different stages of economic development and the nutrition transition. The divergent trends call for country-specific strategies to promote healthier, more sustainable diets and reduce the growing burden of diet-related non-communicable diseases.