The burden of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) is rising in people with HIV (PWH). While extensive data exist on CMD prevalence in PWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), comprehensive data on ART-naïve PWH are scarce. We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia among ART-naïve PWH and compare estimates with those on ART and HIV-negative populations.

This systematic review and meta-analysis included a search of PubMed-MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information and Africa-Journals Online for original articles published up to June 2024. Cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies providing baseline data on CMD prevalence were included. Studies had to include ART-naïve PWH aged ≥15 years. Two independent reviewers conducted studies screening, data extraction and methodological quality assessment. A random-effects meta-analysis with double arc-sine transformation was used for prevalence estimates. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021226001).

We included 184 studies published between 2000 and 2024, involving a total of 424 629 participants. The global pooled prevalence among ART-naïve PWH was 14.2% (95% CI: 12.4-16.1) for hypertension, 3.6% (2.9-4.3) for diabetes, 11.5% (10.3-12.9) for body mass index-based obesity, 18.3% (12.7-24.6) for waist circumference-based obesity, 14.8% (12.1-17.8) for elevated total cholesterol, 17.6% (11.3-24.8) for elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 22.9% (19.3-26.7) for elevated triglycerides and 54.6% (48.2-61.0) for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, all with high heterogeneity. Significant regional variations in the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia were observed according to UNAIDS regions.

We found a notable prevalence of CMDs in ART-naïve PWH, with significant regional variations in the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia. This highlights the need for targeted interventions and early screening to address the growing CMD burden among PWH.

ART-naïve PWH face a considerable CMD burden, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management. Regional differences in CMD prevalence call for tailored public health strategies and integration of CMD prevention into HIV care protocols.

We comprehensively investigated whether serum acylcarnitine levels are associated with and predict the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type 2 diabetes.

Two cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated: a subset of the aggregate Gargano Mortality Study (aGMS, n=575; 9 years of median follow-up; mean age=60.9±9.8; mean diabetes duration=11.6±9.3) as a discovery set from Italy. A sample from the Joslin Kidney Study (JKS, n=252; 10 years of median follow-up; mean age=57.8±5.6; mean diabetes duration=14.2±7.6) was used as an independent validation set with different environmental and ethnic background for some associated metabolites in the aGMS.

estimated GFR (eGFR) change over time (mL/min/1.73 m²/year).

Eleven out of the 40 acylcarnitines (by the AbsoluteIDQTM p180 Kit, BIOCRATES) were significantly associated with the rate of eGFR decline after Bonferroni correction. All 11 molecules were internally validated (p<0.05). Most of these associations survived the adjustment for several confounders, including age, sex, smoking habit, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, disease duration, albumin excretion rate, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and statins treatment (p<0.05). Tiglylcarnitine and methylglutarylcarnitine, but not tetradecenoylcarnitine and hexadecenoylcarnitine, were also associated with eGFR decline in the JKS (p<0.05). Using multivariable least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis, methylglutarylcarnitine, hydroxyvalerylcarnitine, hexenoylcarnitine, decadienylcarnitine, dodecanedioylcarnitine, tetradecadienylcarnitine were independently associated with kidney function decline. The pairwise correlation among these ranged from -0.02 to 0.55. An acylcarnitine score comprising these six molecules improved discrimination (p<0.01) and reclassification (p<0.001) of two clinical prediction models of GFR decline in diabetes.

In patients with type 2 diabetes, four short, three medium and four long-chain acylcarnitines are associated with the rate of kidney function decline. Adding the acylcarnitine score to clinical prediction models improves the identification of individuals who are at greater risk of progression to kidney failure.

Implementing guideline-based diabetes prevention programs (DPPs) for women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is critical, given the global rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the established association between GDM and subsequent diabetes risk. Implementing new healthcare programs, however, is inherently challenging, as success depends on the engagement and commitment of frontline providers. Determining stakeholders' readiness for change was therefore critical before implementing a postpartum DPP for patients with recent GDM.

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of healthcare providers across three DPP implementation settings in Ontario, Canada. Survey measures included the Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) scale and a measure assessing constructs from the inner setting domain of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Due to our low sample size, we analyzed results descriptively.

We surveyed 36 stakeholders across three implementation settings. The ORIC scale and CFIR-based measurement tool scores were relatively high (greater than 4.00 out of 5.00) across most participants. Scores were similar across service types and professional roles.

Stakeholders across three settings appear ready to implement a postpartum DPP for patients with GDM. Although those from an integrated care setting tended toward higher readiness based on change efficacy and commitment, the results of the CFIR-based measurement tool underscore the importance of using tailored approaches when implementing programs in community-based settings with lower resources.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and independent predictors of refractive error among adults with diabetes in Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia.

A multicentre hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a systematic random sampling method.

This study was conducted at public referral hospitals' diabetic care clinics of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia from 13 May to 17 August 2025.

The study included 391 adult patients with diabetes who met the inclusion criteria.

Data were collected using face-to-face interviews completed by an interviewer, ophthalmic examinations and reviewed medical records.

In this study, 391 participants (a response rate of 92.4%) participated. The median age of the participants was 54 years IQR (46-62). The prevalence of refractive error was 55.7% (95% CI 50.7 to 60.7). Older age, female sex, longer diabetes duration, poor glycaemic control, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and cataract were positively associated with refractive error.

This study found a high prevalence of refractive error among patients with diabetes in Central Ethiopia. Older age, female sex, longer diabetes duration, poor glycaemic control (assessed by both fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c), hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and cataract were significantly associated with refractive error.

To estimate the association between sociodemographic and economic factors, prenatal care, and health-related risk and protective behaviors among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

This was a cross-sectional study with data collected between November 2023 and March 2024 from 391 pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was carried out through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Poisson regression was used for data analysis.

Fruit consumption was significantly higher among pregnant women aged over 35 years (PR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.03-1.63) and those with higher education (PR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.11-2.50). Vegetable consumption was significantly higher among those with higher education (PR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.00-2.15) and without government assistance (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.08-1.77). Physical activity was more prevalent among women with an income greater than three minimum wages (PR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.36-4.16). Furthermore, women with higher income had a lower prevalence of alcohol consumption (PR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07-0.85).

Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions are associated with risk behaviors among pregnant women with gestational diabetes, particularly alcohol consumption. Conversely, more favorable socioeconomic conditions are associated with health-protective factors, especially fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity.

To analyze the work process of Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals regarding care practices aimed at users with hypertension and diabetes during the Covid-19 pandemic in a capital in Northeastern Brazil.

Thirty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals who provided care and followed up this subpopulation in PHC. In addition, municipal documents and news reports from the Municipal Department of Health about Covid-19 and PHC were analyzed. The study criteria were Primary Health Care workers who acted in the Covid-19 pandemic in the same Family Health unit. Data were analyzed according to the health work process reference of Mendes-Gonçalves.

The pandemic has imposed significant changes in PHC practices. We observed priority of spontaneous demand, weaknesses in continuous monitoring of users, emphasis on prescriptions renewal, and work in vast territories, with unattended areas, by the Family Health Strategy.

Health practices aimed at users with chronic conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, remain fragmented and should be resumed, but based on equity, with planning, monitoring, and knowledge of their territory in such a way to provide comprehensive and problem-solving access to the population that remains "isolated," even with the end of the pandemic.

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inadequate glycemic control can promote a chronic inflammatory state. The Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio has been used as a marker of systemic inflammation.

To correlate the Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with the degree of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cross-sectional and analytical study. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. The degree of retinopathy, glucose level, HbA1C, and neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were investigated to calculate the Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. To test the hypothesis, Fisher's exact test, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's Rho were used in the statistical analysis. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

50 patients were included; their age was 65 ± 10 years. The mean Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was 2.5 ± 1.1. Mild nonproliferative retinopathy was present in 56% of the patients, moderate nonproliferative retinopathy in 14%, and high-risk proliferative retinopathy in 30%. A positive correlation was found between the Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and the degree of retinopathy (r = 0.532) (p = 0.000).

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a higher degree of diabetic retinopathy had a higher Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. A positive correlation was found between the Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and the degree of diabetic retinopathy.

Keeping an adequate glycemic control is a major global challenge. Approximately 42% of individuals achieve the recommended HbA1c targets.

To compare glycemic control in 2 independent cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in primary care in Mexico City.

Analytical observational study; records of 3598 patients with 2 HbA1c determinations (2562 pre-pandemic and 1036 pandemic) from 213 health units were analyzed. Means, proportions, and t and chi-squared tests were calculated; metabolic control was defined as HbA1c ≤ 8%.

Mean HbA1c was 9.1% in both groups in the first measurement; at the last measurement, it was lower in the pre-pandemic group (8.0% vs. 8.3%; p < 0.001). The percentage of controlled patients increased from 38.5% to 58.5% pre-pandemic and from 37.8% to 54.2% during the pandemic (p = 0.017). Dual oral therapy achieved the greatest increase in control (22.5% pre-pandemic, 28.3% pandemic); isolated insulin therapy and absence of pharmacological treatment were less effective under pandemic conditions.

The pandemic was associated with lower glycemic control; however, regimens with 1 or 2 oral antidiabetic agents retained their effectiveness. Ensuring continuity of care, drug supply, and support for lifestyle measures will be crucial in future crises.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common complication of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Hemodialysis (HD) is a renal replacement therapy that requires self-care and therapeutic adherence (TA), which if not performed increase the risk of associated complications. Therefore, it is essential to adopt self-care practices and implement modifications in lifestyle patterns (LP).

To determine changes in LP and TA in patients with CKD undergoing HD following educational interventions (EIs).

Quasi-experimental, longitudinal, non-randomized study. Sociodemographic and clinical-therapeutic variables were analyzed. Evaluation tools were applied to identify changes in LP and TA before and after a 6-month period of EIs. The EIs consisted of 7 individualized sessions provided in the HD unit. Measures of central tendency, chi-square test, and Student's t test were used for data analysis.

The sample included 39 patients, with a mean age of 52.87 years; 53% were male. Initially, 100% of participants were classified as "at risk" in LP, and 0% had "full adherence" in TA. After the EIs, 43.6% of patients achieved a "protective" LP, and 38.5% reached "full adherence" in TA (p = 0.00).

Patients who received 7 individualized educational sessions showed significant improvements in self-care practices as measured by LP, as well as notable improvement in TA.