Cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma representing its predominant histologic types. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cervical cancer has been implicated in tumor immune evasion, yet its prognostic significance remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer and its association with clinicopathological features and patient survival.

This study included formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from forty-seven patients with cervical cancer. PD-L1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlated with clinical data, HPV status (determined by p16 IHC and HPV DNA PCR/genotyping), and 2-year survival outcomes. Statistical analyses included Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.

PD-L1 was expressed in 61.2% of cases, predominantly in keratinizing SCC (p = 0.006) and tumors with diffuse HPV positivity (p < 0.001). PD-L1 expression significantly correlated with advanced FIGO stage (p = 0.03) but not with age, vascular invasion, and 2-year survival. No significant survival difference was observed between PD-L1 positive and negative groups.

PD-L1 is frequently expressed in cervical carcinoma, especially keratinizing SCC and HPV-diffuse tumors, but its expression was not associated with 2-year survival. The heterogeneous expression and complex tumor-immune interactions suggest that PD-L1 alone is insufficient as a prognostic biomarker. Future research integrating additional immune and molecular markers is needed to improve prognostication and therapeutic stratification.

PD-1 inhibitors are increasingly used in advanced cancers, but reliable biomarkers for predicting treatment response remain limited.

In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 335 patients with stage IV cancers treated with anti-PD-1 therapy (The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, 2019-2025). A predictive model integrating peripheral blood markers and clinical factors was developed using logistic and Cox regression.

Histologic subtype, dNLR ≤ 3.18, AMC ≤ 0.48, and IL-6 ≤ 12.35 were independent prognostic factors for OS and PFS (multivariate HRs reported). Patients with ≥ 3 favorable factors had significantly better outcomes. The model showed high accuracy for 1-year survival prediction (AUC = 0.83) but limited performance beyond 3 years.

This study proposes a clinically feasible biomarker-based tool to stratify PD-1 inhibitor responders, though further validation in prospective cohorts is needed.

Patients suffering from cancer can benefit from a timely integration of palliative and end-of-life care. In the literature different approaches are discussed that can be used by health care professionals (as proxies) to determine cancer patients in need for specialist palliative care. Until now data on comparing different tools is scarce. This study compared published methods for detecting patients with advanced and incurable cancer in need for specialist palliative care.

Data of three hundred and sixteen patients with incurable cancer-collected during a study validating the German version of a screening tool based on NCCN guidelines (Glare) - were used for secondary analysis. The data were used to test the performance of different tools in detecting patients with palliative care needs: two disease-specific classifications (Gaertner, Benthien), the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG), the Surprise Question, as well as a combination of the Surprise Question and the German NCCN tool and the Surprise Question and the ECOG score. To quantify which tool performed best, survival, Integrated Palliative Outcome Scale (IPOS - staff version) (one or more items ≥ 3), and the information of a preexistent contact to palliative care served as indicators of real SPC needs in this patient group.

The combination of Surprise Question and the German NCCN Screening tool showed a sensitivity between 71.5%-94.3% and specificity between 56.0%-91.3%, while the combination of Surprise Question and ECOG score had a sensitivity between 37.4%-75.7% and specificity between 86.2%-100%. Benthien's classification performed a fair sensitivity (74.8%-91.5%) and a weak specificity (27.3%-39.4%), whereas the guidelines by Gaertner showed high sensitivity (92.2%-100%), but very low specificity in all standards (0.0%-9.9%).

While the combination of the Surprise Question and the German NCCN screening tool showed the best results in terms of sensitivity and specificity overall, a combination of the Surprise Question and ECOG score proved to be highly specific and as time-efficient in identifying patients in need of SPC, which may be beneficial.

Cancer survivors are increasingly living beyond 5 years post-diagnosis and are projected to exceed 26,000,000 in the United States (US) by 2040. Research is needed on racial and ethnic differences in long-term survival.

In this retrospective cohort study of 10,895,183 individuals diagnosed with cancer from the US population-based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) data (2000-2021), we compared survival outcomes up to 15 years post-diagnosis across 6 mutually exclusive racial/ethnic groups: Hispanics, and non-Hispanic White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHPI).

Overall, Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black, Asian, AI/AN, and NHPI cancer survivors had persistently poorer survival outcomes compared to non-Hispanic White cancer survivors. AI/AN men and women, NHPI men, and Black women experienced the poorest outcomes. Survival gaps widened over time. By year 15, male AI/AN and NHPI and female AI/AN and Blacks were more than 25% more likely to die compared to their White counterparts. These disparities were most pronounced among individuals with advanced-stage cancers and persisted across counties with various income levels. Racial/ethnic differences varied by cancer site.

Long-term survival disparities by race and ethnicity persist and widen beyond 5 years post-diagnosis, particularly among non-Hispanic AI/AN individuals, NHPI men, and Black women. These trends are not solely explained by income or cancer stage, highlighting the need for long-term, risk-based and tailored survivorship care to reduce racial and ethnic differences in cancer outcomes.

We had defined the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) cut-off value level 2 aligned with the Rotterdam/International Evidence-based Guideline (IEBG) for the Assessment and Management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 2023 criteria. In this study, we evaluated the utility of AMH cut-off value level 2 in patients who could not be diagnosed under the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) 2024 criteria due to the absence of endocrinological abnormalities and estimated the utility of a new diagnostic approach combining the JSOG 2024 and the Rotterdam/IEBG 2023 criteria.

Through a nationwide survey in Japan, data were collected for 270 patients with irregular menstrual cycles and an antral follicle count of ≥ 10 to assess the new diagnostic approach.

Of 270 patients, 213 (78.9%) met the JSOG 2024 criteria due to the presence of endocrinological abnormalities. Of the remaining 57 patients (21.1%) who did not meet the JSOG 2024 criteria, 36 (63.2%) were additionally diagnosed with PCOS under the Rotterdam/IEBG 2023 criteria by applying elevated serum AMH (level 2). Consequently, the diagnostic rate of PCOS increased by 16.9% (obese/overweight: 9.8%, non-obese/overweight: 19.7%), and the overall diagnostic rate reached 92.2%. The diagnostic rate of this new diagnostic approach was significantly higher than that of the JSOG 2024 or the Rotterdam/IEBG 2023 criteria alone. Patients additionally diagnosed by this new diagnostic approach were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of oligomenorrhea and lower prevalence of amenorrhea compared with those diagnosed under the JSOG 2024 criteria.

Applying elevated serum AMH (level 2) based on the Rotterdam/IEBG 2023 criteria improved the diagnostic rate of PCOS, particularly in non-obese/overweight patients and relatively older women with milder PCOS phenotypes. This new approach is practical, complementary, and can help overcome limitations of the diagnosis of PCOS and thus expand diagnostic opportunities.

The FTO rs9939609 SNP has been linked to higher BMI, insulin resistance, and breast cancer risk. Weight loss by bariatric surgery lowers breast cancer risk, particularly in women with baseline hyperinsulinemia, but it is unclear whether this effect varies by FTO genotype. In the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study, 2596 women with severe obesity were followed for a median of 23.9 years to examine breast cancer incidence after bariatric surgery compared with usual care. Genotyping for rs9939609 was performed, and breast cancer events were identified via the Swedish National Cancer Registry. Among 135 breast cancer cases (77 in the control group and 58 in the surgery group), surgery was associated with a lower breast cancer incidence in carriers of the risk allele (TA/AA) (adjusted HR = 0.53 [0.34-0.83], P = 0.005), but not in non-carriers (TT) (adjusted HR = 1.19 [0.65-2.15], P = 0.573; P for treatment-genotype interaction = 0.031). These findings suggest that the FTO rs9939609 genotype may modify the association between bariatric surgery and breast cancer incidence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01479452.

Sinonasal ameloblastoma is considered a locally benign, rare, and locally aggressive neoplasm. It is included within the so-called peripheral ameloblastomas. The symptoms are nonspecific, such as epistaxis, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction. The diagnosis requires a broad approach, imaging studies and complete clinical history; however, the histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard. As for treatment, the mainstay is surgical; however, it is currently being studied to complement it with radiotherapy or BRAF inhibitors. The objective was to present a clinical case of a Mexican patient, as well as to make a bibliographic review of the subject.

Woman originally from and resident of Mexico City who began with hearing loss, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction. Imaging studies revealed a mass that completely occupied the right maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral nasal cavity. The pathology study revealed that it was an ameloblastoma.

Although rare, the described case presented the clinical characteristics described in the international literature, and even though there are no standardized guidelines for the treatment of this entity, appropriate treatment was provided in accordance with international recommendations for these cases.

Differentiating among the various neoplasms of the urinary and reproductive system in adult patients is essential for establishing an accurate diagnosis and determining the appropriate therapeutic strategy.

71-year-old man with a history of Gleason 10 (5+5) prostate adenocarcinoma who developed a suspicious lesion at the vesicoprostatic junction, initially considered a urothelial carcinoma based on cystoscopy findings and immunohistochemistry. Following a multidisciplinary evaluation, a radical cystoprostatectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed, which subsequently revealed a solitary fibrous tumor of the prostate, a rare entity with benign behavior. Immunohistochemical analysis was key to the final diagnosis, differentiating this benign lesion from the initially suspected urothelial origin.

This case underscores the importance of a comprehensive and meticulous approach in the evaluation of atypical prostate lesions, as misdiagnoses can lead to overtreatment. The experience reported here highlights the need to consider solitary fibrous tumors in the differential diagnosis of prostatic stromal tumors.

Tumor-infiltrating clonal hematopoiesis (TI-CH) indicates the infiltration of somatically mutated hematopoietic cells into the tumor microenvironment. While clonal hematopoiesis is a known prognostic factor in hematologic malignant neoplasms, the clinical relevance of TI-CH in solid tumors remains poorly understood.

To characterize the prevalence of TI-CH in solid tumors and evaluate its association with clinical factors and overall survival (OS).

This retrospective cohort study analyzed whole-genome sequencing data of a large cohort of patients with solid tumors from the Genomics England 100 000 Genomes Project between 2015 and 2019. The data analysis was conducted from June to November 2025.

The primary outcome was the prevalence of TI-CH, defined by somatic variants in 74 driver genes (variant allele frequency 2% to 30%) in tumor tissue. Secondary outcomes included associations of TI-CH with clinical factors (age, cytotoxic chemotherapy) and OS, assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.

Among 10 571 patients with solid tumors (mean [SD] age, 64.68 [12.18] years; 6430 [60.83%] female), TI-CH was detected in 1943 patients (18.38%), with the highest frequency observed in patients with TET2 variants (212 patients [10.91%]) and in patients with endometrial cancer (251 patients [32%]). TI-CH was more common with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.15 [95% CI, 1.10-1.19]) and cytotoxic chemotherapy (OR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.06-1.44]). TI-CH was significantly associated with worse pan-cancer OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13 [95% CI, 1.02-1.25]), particularly breast cancer OS (HR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.54-2.48]). At the gene level, worse pan-cancer OS was significantly associated with GATA2 variants (HR, 3.00 [95% CI, 1.61-5.59]), and worse breast cancer OS was significantly associated with TET2 variants (HR, 2.92 [95% CI, 1.59-5.37]).

In this cohort study, older age and cytotoxic chemotherapy were associated with higher odds of TI-CH. TI-CH was associated with worse survival in patients with solid tumors, specifically implicating GATA2 (pan-cancers) and TET2 (breast cancer) variants. These findings suggest TI-CH may serve as a prognostic biomarker in patients with solid tumors.

Pigmented dermatoses are a frequent reason for pediatric dermatologic care, especially melanocytic nevi. Although they have a low risk of progression to melanoma, they may require excision if they affect the patient's quality of life due to their location in visible sites or specific areas such as the genitals. We present the unusual case of an adolescent with a melanocytic nevus located on the genitals, who underwent surgical management.

11-year-old male patient who presented with a melanocytic nevus affecting the penis and with no additional abnormalities on the remainder of the physical examination. Due to the impact on quality of life, the entire pigmented plaque was excised with a 5-mm margin of healthy skin, and reconstruction of the cutaneous defect and the foreskin was performed. The histopathological study reported a completely excised intradermal melanocytic neurotized nevus, with no malignant criteria.

Congenital melanocytic nevi can be treated with complete excision when they affect patients' quality of life due to their location in sensitive sites, such as the genitals. Adequate reconstruction improves the patient's prognosis, as these types of lesions often cause anxiety and depression, especially in adolescents.