Endobronchial tuberculosis is a distinct form of pulmonary tuberculosis involving the tracheobronchial tree and may present with varied bronchoscopic appearances. The tumorous subtype is rare and can closely mimic malignancy both clinically and radiologically, leading to diagnostic dilemmas and potential delays in appropriate treatment. A 45-year-old female presented with a 1-month history of progressive dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council Grade II), cough with mucoid expectoration, low-grade fever with evening rise, and significant weight loss. She was a known case of obstructive airway disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chest radiography revealed a nonhomogeneous opacity in the left hilar region with bilateral hyperinflation. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) showed a well-defined lobulated hypodense mass in the lingular segment of the left lung, while contrast-enhanced CT demonstrated an irregular soft-tissue lesion extending from the hilum to the left upper lobe with branching projections, raising suspicion of malignancy. Bronchoscopy revealed a vascular, nonpedunculated polypoidal mass in the left lingular segment, causing luminal narrowing. However, cytology and histopathology were negative for neoplastic cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage CBNAAT detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis with rifampicin sensitivity, confirming the diagnosis of endobronchial tuberculosis. The patient was initiated on standard antitubercular therapy for 6 months, resulting in symptomatic improvement. Follow-up imaging and bronchoscopy showed partial resolution with residual lesion, leading to extension of therapy to a total of 9 months. Continued clinical and radiological improvement was observed. Tumorous endobronchial tuberculosis can closely mimic lung malignancy and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endobronchial masses, especially in endemic regions. Early bronchoscopy combined with molecular diagnostic tools such as CBNAAT is crucial for accurate diagnosis and timely initiation of therapy, thereby preventing unnecessary invasive procedures and long-term complications such as bronchial stenosis.

Clinical practice guidelines are indispensable tools for evidence-based decision-making, yet they are not inherently free of subjectivity and cannot replace clinical expertise or critical judgment. This is particularly relevant in differentiated thyroid cancer, where disease heterogeneity, overdiagnosis of low-risk tumors, and variability among available recommendations often complicate management, especially in relation to postoperative radioiodine administration. This review critically appraises contemporary guideline documents relevant to differentiated thyroid cancer, with emphasis on their evidence base, practical applicability, and implications for nuclear medicine practice. Major European recommendations from ESMO, ETA, and SNMMI/EANM were compared with the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines, focusing on risk stratification, radioiodine use, molecular testing, surveillance, and multidisciplinary implementation. Real-world applicability was also considered in light of published comparative analyses. Across the reviewed documents, a clear trend toward individualized, risk-adapted management was observed. Routine radioiodine ablation is increasingly discouraged in low-risk disease, while selective use is recommended in intermediate-risk patients and retained in high-risk settings. Dynamic reassessment, structured follow-up with ultrasound and thyroglobulin monitoring, and incorporation of molecular markers are now integral components of modern management frameworks. However, differences in terminology, structure, and implementation persist between European and American guidance. Overall, contemporary guidelines support a precision medicine approach to differentiated thyroid cancer while underscoring the need for contextual interpretation and critical appraisal. European recommendations offer a practical framework for everyday clinical use, whereas ATA 2025 contributes methodological refinement through dynamic reassessment. The findings highlight the importance of combining evidence-based recommendations with physician judgment to optimize individualized patient care.

Systematic cardiovascular risk assessment and stratification across the entire cancer care continuum is essential among cancer patients, largely due to potential cardiotoxic effects of oncologic therapeutic regiments. Prior to initiation of cancer therapy, cardiotoxicity risk assessment should include comprehensive evaluation of baseline cardiovascular status and baseline measurement of cardiac biomarkers. Patient-related factors should be integrated with therapy-related risks associated with specific oncologic regiments and/or radiotherapy. During cancer treatment, continuous cardiovascular surveillance is necessary to detect early or subclinical myocardial dysfunction. Monitoring strategies involve periodic clinical evaluation, serial echocardiographic assessment and biomarker measurements. Surveillance protocols should be adapted according to the cardiotoxic potential of the administered regimen; as early detection of cardiotoxicity allows prompt cardioprotective interventions and adjustment of oncologic treatments. Cardiovascular assessment after cancer therapy is crucial due to potential delayed cardiotoxic effects. During the first year, post-treatment, structured follow-up is recommended to identify persistent or emerging cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicities. Long-term surveillance is also particularly important for cancer survivors exposed to cardiotoxic agents, given their increased risk of chronic cardiovascular complications. Digitalization improves cardio-oncology risk assessment through artificial intelligence, electronic health records, and remote monitoring enabling earlier detection and personalized cardiovascular surveillance. A multidisciplinary cardio-oncology approach and structured surveillance across the entire cancer care continuum is crucial to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and improve long-term outcomes.

The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a hospital clinical setting.

Colorectal cancer has well-established metastatic patterns, with the liver and lungs being the most frequent sites of dissemination. Cervical lymph node involvement as an initial manifestation is extremely rare and represents a significant diagnostic challenge. We describe the case of a 68-year-old female patient with no relevant comorbidities, who initially presented with left cervical lymphadenopathy at levels IV and V, associated with weight loss and a marked elevation of carcinoembryonic antigen. Histopathological examination of the cervical lymph node confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma, and after extension studies and colonoscopy were performed, a primary tumor was identified in the transverse colon. The patient began systemic treatment with a chemotherapy regimen based on capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) in combination with bevacizumab. Subsequently, after completing the induction phase, maintenance treatment with capecitabine plus bevacizumab was administered. During follow-up, the patient showed a gradual and sustained response, ultimately achieving a complete clinical response, confirmed by imaging studies, including computed tomography, colonoscopy, and positron emission tomography (PET). This case highlights the importance of considering a gastrointestinal origin in patients with atypical cervical lymphadenopathy, as well as the impact of combined systemic treatment and maintenance therapy in achieving complete responses, even in unusual presentations of metastatic disease.

Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is advocated to reduce complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy. However, randomized trials have provided inconclusive results. This study aimed to investigate the microflora colonizing preoperatively placed biliary stents in patients with neoplasms and their resistance to antibiotic treatment. Data from 313 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for neoplasms between 2010 and 2022 were analyzed. Among them, 171 patients underwent preoperative stent drainage, with 115 stents subjected to microbial culture. The stents were predominantly plastic. Microbial analysis revealed that 85.2% of the stents were positive for pathogens, with Gram-negative bacteria being the most prevalent (63%). Fungi were isolated in 37.4% of cultures. Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited multidrug resistance in 69.4% of cases, and pan-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in three cultures. The study found a significant association between waiting time to surgery and positive stent cultures. The presence of a stent increased the risk of changes in the microbiome. Interestingly, the presence of anaerobic strains was not detected in the sample. These findings suggest that biliary stents harbor a diverse range of microflora, which may have potential implications for postoperative outcomes, although direct clinical outcomes were not assessed in this study.

Elastofibroma dorsi is a benign tumor that can be clinically misidentified as a malignant neoplasm. Due to its low incidence, few studies to date have focused on determining a standardized surgical approach. We report the case of a female patient with a histopathological diagnosis of elastofibroma dorsi who was managed with surgical excisional biopsy and closed suction drain placement. Postoperative follow-up was conducted over two months to monitor her clinical evolution. The clinical approach implemented at our institution is discussed in comparison with current scientific literature, with the purpose of encouraging further research and awareness of this pathology.

A major limitation of conventional two and three-dimensional preclinical in vitro cancer models is their inability to reproduce the drug-delivery barriers. Tumor assembloids, which integrate patient-derived cancer cells with stromal, endothelial, and immune components in three-dimensional architectures, provide a manipulable framework for simulating these multicellular impediments. This review specifically examines the application of tumor assembloids to investigate drug delivery constraints, including stromal exclusion, vascular transport, immune-mediated resistance, penetration gradients, and spatially heterogeneous drug exposure. We compared three major construction strategies, including self-assembly, 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic compartmentalization, and evaluated their respective strengths for drug assessment. We also discussed assembloids' current limitations, including reproducibility, incomplete physiological dynamics, insufficient spatial analytics, and the need for standardized benchmarking. Overall, tumor assembloids represent promising mechanistic platforms for studying tumor drug delivery barriers. However, broader clinical application will necessitate rigorous validation and harmonized assay standards.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a highly lethal hematologic malignancy characterized by metabolic reprogramming, therapeutic resistance, and poor survival, particularly in older patients. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolism has emerged as a central driver of AML progression, and recent studies have identified solute carrier family 25 member 51 (SLC25A51) as the primary mitochondrial NAD⁺ transporter in mammalian cells. SLC25A51 regulates mitochondrial redox balance, oxidative phosphorylation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, thereby sustaining leukemic proliferation and survival. Structural studies have elucidated its six-transmembrane helix architecture, salt-bridge-mediated transport mechanism, and stabilization by cardiolipin binding. Functional investigations demonstrate that SLC25A51 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis, while its depletion disrupts mitochondrial metabolism, induces apoptosis, and suppresses AML progression in vivo. Therapeutically, pharmacologic inhibition of SLC25A51 with fludarabine, or its combination with hypomethylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine, enhances antileukemic efficacy by perturbing metabolic and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, SLC25A51 expression may serve as a predictive biomarker for mitochondrial-targeted therapies, such as complex I inhibitors. Future translational research should focus on developing selective inhibitors, optimizing combination strategies with demethylating agents and BCL-2 inhibitors, and validating its prognostic significance in clinical cohorts. Collectively, SLC25A51 represents a promising metabolic target with potential to overcome therapeutic resistance and improve patient outcomes in AML. Furthermore, this review discusses its potential implications across distinct genetic subtypes of AML (e.g., mutations in TP53, NPM1, and RAS), thereby highlighting key directions for future translational research.

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin neoplasms and a major example of progress in modern oncology. The objective of this article is to review the most recent therapeutic data and the transition from diagnosis to modern immunotherapy based on a comprehensive review of the current literature and pivotal clinical trials. The results demonstrate that the profound understanding of the relationship between cancer and the immune system, along with the development of immunotherapies (CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors) and targeted therapies (BRAF/MEK inhibitors), have radically changed the therapeutic approach and patient prognosis. Today, a significant number of patients can achieve long-term disease remission, even in advanced stages. Furthermore, modern molecular medicine has highlighted the importance of biomarkers, while neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments significantly reduce the risk of relapse. In conclusion, the transition from chemotherapy to targeted and immunological therapies marks a new era in oncology, where treatment personalization and the utilization of the immune system itself constitute the core of the modern oncological strategy.