T-cell malignancies represent a complex spectrum of clinically and biologically heterogeneous diseases. Effective translational research and drug development are critically dependent on preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate this diversity. This review analyzes the current preclinical landscape, identifying a profound disparity between the clinical spectrum of T-cell neoplasms and the available in vitro tools. We demonstrate that the existing armamentarium of cell lines is heavily skewed, with an abundance of models for T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). This skew is a direct result of a biological selection bias, as these entities are often driven by potent, TME-independent oncogenes (e.g., NOTCH1 mutations, NPM1-ALK fusions) conducive to immortalization. Conversely, the majority of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) subtypes, which are frequently TME-dependent and clinically aggressive, remain "preclinical orphans" with few or no authenticated models. This "preclinical void" constitutes a major bottleneck, impeding mechanistic studies and therapeutic progress. We discuss the limitations of 2D cultures and highlight the necessity of adopting advanced platforms, such as patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and 3D organoid systems. These "avatar" models preserve vital tumor heterogeneity and microenvironmental context, offering superior predictive value. The systematic development and integration of these next-generation models are essential to bridge the translational gap and advance precision medicine for all patients with T-cell malignancies.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of disease-related death worldwide, and targeting key regulatory genes to induce programmed cell death in tumor cells has emerged as a crucial therapeutic strategy, following surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. As a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, NIX/BNIP3L can both mediate apoptosis to inhibit tumor cell growth and promote tumor cell survival by clearing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through mitophagy. Therefore, we summarize a brief overview of the structure and function of NIX/BNIP3L, as well as the mechanisms of NIX/BNIP3L generation and degradation, the role of NIX/BNIP3L in mediating apoptosis and mitophagy and to advance the understanding of the roles of NIX/BNIP3L in glioblastoma, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and hematologic neoplasms, aiming to enhance treatment precision and improve patient outcomes.

SMARCA2::CREM fusions have been reported in a small number of rare and heterogeneous neoplasms across various anatomic sites. Although several morphologic features overlap among the reported cases, they can pose significant diagnostic challenges due to their variable morphology and nonspecific immunophenotype. They may also be underrecognized in clinical practice because SMARCA2 and CREM are not routinely included in many clinical fusion gene panels. SMARCA2::CREM fusion genes have been most frequently found in intracranial mesenchymal tumors and hyalinizing clear cell carcinomas, and previous studies of SMARCA2::CREM fusion-positive tumors have consistently shown the retained expression of SWItch/Sucrose Nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex proteins, including BRG1, BRM, and INI1. In this case report, we describe the first gynecologic tumor harboring the SMARCA2::CREM fusion gene, diagnosed in a 39-year-old woman. Histologically, the tumor exhibited spindle cell and epithelioid components, with rhabdoid features in some areas. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated epithelial marker positivity in the epithelial component, along with retained expression of BRG1 and INI1. Whole-transcriptome sequencing revealed SMARCA2::CREM fusion that was not detected by the in-house fusion gene panel. This case contributes additional data to the limited literature on tumors with SMARCA2::CREM fusions. It highlights the potential utility of comprehensive molecular testing, including broader fusion panels or whole-transcriptome sequencing, in the evaluation of diagnostically challenging uterine neoplasms.

The recommendations discussed on the early detection of prostate cancer provide a framework to facilitate clinical decision-making in the implementation of prostate cancer screening and follow-up.

The Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Guideline was reviewed in 2025 and updated through the AUA amendment process. This process involved reviewing and integrating newly published literature into the previously established Guideline. The methodologist updated the original Guideline search strategy to systematically search Ovid MEDLINE and Embase for new evidence published between November 2022 and December 2024.

The Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Amendment Panel updated evidence- and consensus-based Guideline statements to provide guidance on prostate cancer screening, imaging and biomarker use, initial and repeat biopsies, and biopsy technique.

This update provides several new insights, including revised strength of evidence based on recently published literature on the use of MRI in biopsy-naïve patients and biopsy techniques, updates on available biomarkers, and revised recommendations for atypical small acinar proliferation. This Guideline will require future review and updates, as early detection and diagnostic strategies in this space continue to evolve.

Myeloid neoplasms harboring the FIP1L1-PDGFRA (F/P) fusion gene infrequently manifest as acute cerebral infarction. The F/P fusion gene induces proliferation within the eosinophilic lineage, resulting in a clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome that may lead to cerebral infarction. This condition demonstrates a high responsiveness to imatinib therapy.

A 27-year-old man presented with acute hemiplegia and was found to have significant eosinophilia. Neuroimaging revealed acute-subacute infarcts with concurrent focal stenosis of the right middle cerebral artery. He was diagnosed with F/P-rearranged myeloid neoplasm associated with myeloid sarcoma. Treatment with low-dose imatinib monotherapy (100 mg/day) resulted in rapid resolution of both eosinophilia and the vascular stenosis. Over 9 years of follow-up without adjuvant antithrombotic agents, he has maintained sustained molecular remission and normal neurological function, with no recurrent stroke.

This case provides new clinical data for the diagnosis and treatment of this type of eosinophilia, and highlights the importance of early recognition, workup, and treatment. Peripheral hypereosinophilia may cause tissue damage, leading to hypereosinophilic syndrome with cerebral infarction. F/P+ clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare diagnosis to consider in patients with unexplained cerebral infarction and hypereosinophilia. In these instances, it is imperative to conduct a peripheral blood test for the F/P fusion gene early in the diagnostic evaluation of hypereosinophilic syndrome. Upon confirmation of the diagnosis, initiation of imatinib therapy should occur promptly. This treatment approach has resulted in a swift and sustained complete cytologic and molecular remission, no recurrence of cerebral infarction, obviating the need for intensive chemotherapy, statins, anticoagulant or anti-platelet agents.

Accurate survival estimation is essential for decision-making in advanced cancer care. However, clinical judgment alone often tends to overestimate survival. The performance of prognostic tools has scarcely been explored in Latin American populations.

To prospectively evaluate and compare the predictive performance of four prognostic scales: the Palliative Prognostic Index, the Performance Status-Palliative Prognostic Index, the Palliative Prognostic Score, and the Delirium-Palliative Prognostic Score, against the clinical judgment of specialists in a Colombian cohort.

An observational, analytical, prospective cohort study was conducted.

The study included 166 patients with advanced cancer admitted to a specialized Palliative Care Unit in Colombia. Participants were followed for up to 90 days or until death. We compared the discrimination of the scales using Harrell's Concordance Index (C-index) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve at 7, 30, and 90 days. Calibration was assessed using calibration plots.

Specialist clinical judgment, the Palliative Prognostic Score, and the Delirium-Palliative Prognostic Score demonstrated excellent discriminatory capacity for short-term survival prediction, with a concordance index greater than 0.8. Clinical judgment tended to underestimate 7-day survival, while all tools showed a tendency to overestimate 90-day survival. A high short-term mortality rate was observed, with nearly 50% of patients dying within 30 days of admission.

In specialized palliative care settings in Latin America, combining expert clinical judgment with the Palliative Prognostic Score or its delirium variant is recommended for prognostication. The Palliative Prognostic Index and its performance status-based variant are useful alternatives in nonspecialized settings. The high short-term mortality observed highlights a systemic issue of late referral to palliative care services in the region.

Lipofibromatosis (LF) is a rare, benign fibroblastic-adipocytic tumor of childhood, classified by the World Health Organization as an intermediate (locally aggressive) soft tissue neoplasm. Due to its rarity, diagnostic criteria and management guidelines remain poorly defined. This article presents an exceptionally rare case of diffuse upper limb LF with osseous involvement in adulthood and provides a comprehensive literature review to contextualize current knowledge on its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and treatment.

A 48-year-old woman presented with progressive deformity of the right hand following lifelong, slowly enlarging soft-tissue masses. Imaging revealed extensive fusion of the distal radius, wrist, and thumb. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of LF. Osseous involvement of LF is exceedingly uncommon, and this case represents one of the first documented instances of extensive skeletal involvement. A two-stage reconstructive approach-tumor resection followed by a subsequent corrective thumb osteotomy-led to substantial recovery of hand function, as reflected in a 15,9-point improvement in the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score.

This article offers valuable insights into diagnostics and potential reconstructive approaches for similar cases. The accompanying literature review further broadens the understanding of this rare clinical entity.

To compare the prognostic value between the C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index (CALLY) and traditional inflammatory markers [including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)] after radical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC).

A total of 152 CRC patients who underwent radical resection in Baotou Central Hospital from January 2016 to December 2019 were selected and studied retrospectively. The clinicopathological traits of the patients were collected and analyzed, and their survival outcomes were followed up. The prognostic value of the CALLY index and classical CRC prognostic factors was compared through the concordance index (CI) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The COX risk regression model was used for multivariate analysis to evaluate the impact of different indicators on prognosis.

The AUC of the CALLY index was 0.789 (95%CI: 0.703-0.875, P < 0.001), which was significantly higher than that of NLR (0.664, 95%CI: 0.574-0.754), LMR (0.655, 95%CI: 0.559-0.751), and PLR (0.647, 95%CI: 0.553-0.740). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate in the high CALLY group (≥ 1.045) was significantly better than that in the low CALLY group (83.5% vs. 12.9%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the CALLY index (HR = 0.124; 95%CI 0.060-0.255; P < 0.05) was an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, an increased CALLY index was associated with a better prognosis, suggesting this indicator is a protective factor of post-surgical prognosis in CRC patients.

By integrating inflammation, nutrition, and immune status, the CALLY index performs significantly better than traditional single indicators in postoperative prognostic prediction in CRC patients. It can serve as a reliable tool for postoperative prognostic evaluation of CRC and provide incremental value for clinical risk stratification.

Ovarian neoplasms are common gynecological tumors, with epithelial tumors accounting for the majority of cases. While serous and mucinous cystadenomas are frequent individually, the synchronous occurrence of different epithelial subtypes in bilateral ovaries is extremely rare.

We report a 55-year-old postmenopausal woman presenting with lower abdominal pain, swelling, nausea, vomiting, and unintentional weight loss. Imaging revealed a large multiloculated cystic pelvic mass. Serum CA-125 was normal. The patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Histopathology demonstrated a left ovarian mucinous cystadenoma and a right ovarian serous cystadenoma. The uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes were unremarkable. The patient recovered well postoperatively and remains on regular follow-up.

The simultaneous presence of distinct epithelial ovarian tumors in bilateral ovaries is rare, with limited reports in the literature. Preoperative imaging may suggest unilateral involvement, potentially masking the coexistence of multiple histologies. Intraoperative frozen section analysis, when available, can guide surgical decision-making and potentially prevent unnecessary removal of additional structures.

Clinicians should consider the possibility of synchronous ovarian epithelial tumors in differential diagnoses of ovarian masses. Accurate diagnosis relies on thorough clinical evaluation, imaging, and histopathological correlation. Surgical management followed by careful follow-up is effective for benign synchronous ovarian tumors.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the ovary is a rare malignancy, most commonly arising from malignant transformation within a mature cystic teratoma (MCT). The incidence of such transformation is estimated at around 2%. We report the case of a postmenopausal woman who initially underwent resection of a pelvic mass with right adnexectomy. Histopathological examination revealed squamous cell carcinoma arising in a mature ovarian teratoma. The case was subsequently discussed at a multidisciplinary tumor board, which recommended completion surgery. However, during the planned procedure, diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis was discovered intraoperatively. The patient was therefore referred for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of SCC arising in MCT, as well as its aggressive clinical course.