Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of fibroblastic differentiation, originally described in the pleura and subsequently documented at multiple extrapleural sites. Oral involvement is uncommon and may be diagnostically challenging because of its variable clinical presentation and overlapping spindle-cell morphology.

We report a palatal SFT with clinical, imaging, histopathological and immunohistochemical correlation. In parallel, a systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published between January 2015 and December 2025. Case reports, case series and retrospective clinicopathologic studies describing primary oral SFT were included. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 recommendations and methodological quality was appraised qualitatively using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools appropriate to each study design.

Twelve eligible studies were included, comprising 10 case reports and 2 retrospective series for a total of 30 previously published oral SFTs. Soft-tissue lesions predominated, and the buccal mucosa/cheek was the most common location, followed by the floor of the mouth, tongue, labial mucosa, retromolar pad and intraosseous mandible. Across the reviewed studies, oral SFTs typically presented as slow-growing, well-circumscribed nodules and showed a patternless spindle-cell proliferation in a collagenous to hyalinized stroma with branching staghorn-like vessels. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6) was the most informative confirmatory marker, while Cluster of Differentiation 34 (CD34), B-cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and Cluster of Differentiation 99 (CD99) were supportive but less specific. Most lesions were managed by complete local excision and showed a favorable course. In the present case, diffuse nuclear STAT6 positivity together with CD34, CD99 and BCL2 expression supported the diagnosis of palatal SFT.

Oral SFT is an uncommon but distinctive fibroblastic neoplasm that should be included in the differential diagnosis of spindle-cell lesions of the oral cavity. Diagnosis relies on integration of morphology with immunohistochemistry, particularly STAT6. Complete surgical excision with margin assessment remains the cornerstone of treatment, and a risk-adapted long-term follow-up strategy is advisable because rare recurrences may occur, particularly in intraosseous, margin-positive, or proliferatively active tumors.

The systematic review was registered on Prospero with code ID 1358544.

The standard of care for pediatric craniopharyngioma (CP) is either complete surgical resection or limited debulking surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Recent data favor the latter approach.

We present a multi-center case series of three children with CP treated with subtotal surgery and adjuvant RT for CP who eventually developed radiation-induced glioma (RIG) of the pons.

The median age at diagnosis of CP was 6 years. Photon RT was administered in two patients and proton RT in one, at a median dose of 54 Gy delivered in 30 fractions. Pontine glioma was first identified on imaging after a median interval of 8 years from initial RT (range 4.5 - 9.75 years), incidentally in two asymptomatic patients during routine surveillance, and associated with symptoms of brainstem involvement in one. A biopsy was performed in two patients. One showed diffuse astrocytoma with MYCN, PDGFRA, and MDM2 amplification and a novel fusion (RBD7-FLI1), while the other case had an inconclusive histopathology. Re-irradiation (re-RT) (54 Gy/30 fractions and 30 Gy/10 fractions) was applied in two patients, and one patient received bevacizumab treatment. All three patients succumbed with a median survival of 7.5 months (range 4.0-58 months).

Radiation-induced glioma of the pons is a rare and serious complication occurring in patients previously treated by RT for childhood CP. This secondary tumor is uniformly associated with a dramatic course regardless of the treatment modalities and resources. This highlights the need for clinical vigilance and further research to prevent it.

Brain metastases (BM) are prevalent intracranial neoplasms in adults, affecting 20%-40% of cancer patients. With improved systemic therapies and neuroimaging, the frequency of BM diagnoses is rising. Despite advancements and longer survival time, the prognosis remains poor, with survival rates ranging from 3 months to over a year, depending on the diagnosis. This qualitative study provides insight into the patients' needs, experiences, and perspectives upon BM diagnosis. The aim of the study was to explore how patients experience being diagnosed with BM, their care and follow-up, and how BM impacts their lives and concerns.

A qualitative study using longitudinal semi-structured interviews with patients recently diagnosed with first-time BM. Participants were recruited from one Norwegian hospital, with interviews conducted at 3 intervals over 4 months. Inclusion criteria included age ≥18, verified BM diagnosis, and ability to consent and participate in interviews. Inductive thematic analyses were performed to identify overarching themes.

Twenty-two patients participated, with interviews revealing 4 themes: (1) BM as either an additional burden or more of the same, (2) trust in the healthcare system despite unmet needs, (3) distancing from illness, and (4) acceptance of and adjustment to symptom burden. Patients expressed varied emotional responses, practical challenges, and evolving information needs over time.

Patients diagnosed with BM face multifaceted challenges. A patient-centered approach, emphasizing clear communication, symptom management, and tailored care, is essential. Understanding patient experiences can help healthcare providers offer personalized care. Continued research is needed to address the unique needs of this population and improve care practices.

Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models require institutional validation before clinical implementation. Traditional radiobiological models, such as the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman (LKB) and Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD) models, provide mechanistic dose-response frameworks, while machine learning (ML) approaches offer exploratory, data-driven alternatives that remain inadequately characterised in South Asian populations.

This retrospective study included 51 head and neck cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Binary endpoints were Grade ≥2 xerostomia (n = 3), dysphagia (n = 5) and mucositis (n = 4), scored using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. NTCP calculations were performed using two independent computational pipelines (MATLAB-based RBMODELv1 and a Python implementation), with agreement assessed using Bland-Altman analysis. Traditional NTCP models (LKB, EUD) were evaluated and compared with artificial neural networks and XGBoost in a hypothesis-generating framework using a stratified 70:30 train-test split. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve), accuracy and Spearman's rank correlation.

Excellent agreement was observed between computational pipelines (mean bias 0.8%, 95% limits -1.9% to 3.5%). Traditional models demonstrated strong rank-order correlation with toxicity grades (ρ = 0.61-0.79, p < 0.001) and high accuracy (LKB: 90.0%-94.1%). Institution-specific parameters differed from quantitative analyses of normal tissue effects in the clinic values, including a lower parotid TD50 (34.1 versus 39.0 Gy). Exploratory ML analyses showed numerically higher discrimination for parallel organs but not for mixed-architecture structures; however, severe class imbalance (3-5 events per endpoint) limits statistical reliability.

Dual computational pipelines enable reproducible NTCP modeling for institutional use. Traditional radiobiological models perform acceptably after local calibration, while exploratory ML findings suggest potential organ-architecture-dependent patterns that require validation in adequately powered multi-institutional cohorts.

This review examines the development of organoid technology and its recent advances in the study of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. As three-dimensional in vitro culture models, organoids can recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native organs, providing an innovative platform for investigating disease mechanisms, conducting drug screening, and developing personalized treatment strategies for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. The article begins with an overview of the historical progression of organoid technology and then focuses on its specific applications in pituitary neuroendocrine tumor research, including disease modeling, drug testing, and potential uses in regenerative medicine. Finally, it addresses current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions and potential clinical applications.

Recurrence after curative treatment remains a major challenge in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Molecular-based prediction models may improve risk stratification and support personalized surveillance strategies. To identify and evaluate molecular-based risk prediction models for recurrence and survival following curative treatment of early-stage NSCLC. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and a published PROSPERO protocol. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 2000 and December 2023. Eligible studies reported performance metrics of molecular-based models predicting recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, or overall survival following curative treatment for NSCLC. Data extraction was performed using the CHARMS framework, risk of bias was assessed using PROBAST, and model performance metrics were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Of 2447 records identified, five studies met the inclusion criteria. All models used Cox proportional hazards regression. Molecular predictors included mRNA expression profiles (n = 3), long noncoding RNAs (n = 1), and DNA methylation biomarkers (n = 1). Internal validation studies reported AUC values ranging from 0.66 to 0.89, with a pooled AUC of 0.77 (95% CI = 0.66-0.90; I² = 88.4%). Two externally validated models reported AUC values of 0.68-0.74, with a pooled AUC of 0.72 (95% CI = 0.68-0.75; I² = 0%). Two studies were considered high risk of bias due to inappropriate handling of missing data. Molecular-based prediction models demonstrate moderate-to-good discriminative performance for recurrence and survival in early-stage NSCLC. However, broader external validation and improved methodological rigor are required before routine clinical implementation. Trial Registration: PROSPERO identifier: CRD42024599641.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a major global health burden, with high incidence and mortality despite advances in multimodal therapies. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), ectopic lymphoid aggregates within the tumour microenvironment (TME), have emerged as key regulators of antitumour immunity and potential predictors of immunotherapy response. However, a focused synthesis of TLS biology specific to GI malignancies is still lacking.

We conducted a comprehensive narrative review of current literature to summarize the formation, maturation and functional roles of TLSs, with particular emphasis on their immunological and clinical relevance in GI cancers.

TLSs structurally resemble secondary lymphoid organs and function as localized hubs for antigen presentation, lymphocyte recruitment and adaptive immune activation. In GI tumours, TLS presence, density and maturation status are closely associated with enhanced immune infiltration, improved prognosis and better response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Emerging evidence also suggests that therapeutic interventions, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, may influence TLS formation and function. However, TLS heterogeneity and potential immunosuppressive components present challenges for their clinical application.

TLSs represent promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GI oncology. While strategies to induce or modulate TLSs may enhance antitumour immunity, their clinical translation requires careful consideration of immune-related adverse effects and standardization of assessment methods. Integrating TLS-based approaches may advance precision immunotherapy in GI cancers.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium, posing a significant threat to human health. Patients with ILD have a significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to the general population, which has led to growing clinical attention to the condition of ILD combined with lung cancer (ILD-LC). Nowadays, surgical intervention remains the primary treatment option for patients with ILD-LC. However, how to formulate individualized surgical strategies for this patient population represents a critical challenge in clinical practice. Additionally, patients with ILD-LC are prone to postoperative acute exacerbation of ILD (AE-ILD), which is often challenging to detect at an early stage and severely compromises prognosis. Against this background, this article systematically reviews key aspects of ILD-LC, including differential diagnosis, surgical strategies, and perioperative management, with particular emphasis on the recognition and management of postoperative AE-ILD. It aims to provide a reference for the surgical treatment of ILD-LC and to outline directions for future research.
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Lung cancer ranks among malignant neoplasms with the highest incidence and mortality, and its diagnosis and treatment are complicated, requiring multidisciplinary participation. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) consultation is the core model for modern lung cancer management. By pooling the expertise of specialists from diverse disciplines, MDT develops optimal individualized treatment regimens for patients and markedly improves diagnostic and therapeutic quality as well as patient prognosis. This article systematically summarizes the organizational framework, standardized procedures and clinical value of lung cancer MDT, alongside key problems in its popularization including obstacles in data integration, inconsistent decision-making efficiency and imbalanced resource allocation. It elaborates on the innovative effect of new technologies represented by artificial intelligence large language models on conventional MDT modes, and analyzes their application value in high-efficiency integration of multimodal medical data, real-time evidence-based decision-making support, optimization of consultation procedures and resources, as well as precise individualized treatment, so as to furnish theoretical basis and development ideas for establishing a new-generation intelligent, efficient and precise lung cancer MDT platform.
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C-ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) gene fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a high-risk subtype of lung cancer, and the accurate identification of this specific subtype is critically important. This study systematically analyzes the concordance between the results of next-generation sequencing (NGS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to validate the clinical value of IHC as an initial screening tool for ROS1 fusions.

Patients with NSCLC diagnosed at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between November 1, 2020 and November 30, 2022 were enrolled. All cases were tested for ROS1 gene fusion via NGS, re-examined with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and ROS1 protein expression and gene breakage were detected using IHC and FISH. The results of the three detection methods and their correlation with clinicopathological characteristics were compared.

22 were detected as ROS1 fusion-positive among 770 NSCLC cases. Histologically, all were lung adenocarcinoma, predominantly poorly differentiated. The main growth patterns included solid, acinar, and papillary types. IHC detection showed positive expression of ROS1 protein in all 22 cases, including 14 cases (63.6%) with strong diffuse positivity, resulting in a positive concordance rate of 100.0%. FISH detection revealed a typical isolated signal pattern in 16 cases, with a positive concordance rate of 72.7%. The overall concordance rate among NGS, IHC, and FISH was 72.7%.

ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC exhibits characteristic clinicopathological features. In ROS1 fusion-positive cases confirmed by NGS, IHC serves as a highly sensitive tool with 100.0% sensitivity, suggesting its potential as an initial screening method, but its specificity still needs further verification. NGS testing is recommended as a priority in cases with strong ROS1 IHC positivity. When strong IHC positivity is observed alongside atypical FISH signals, NGS becomes a key technique for confirmation and precise identification of fusion partners and breakpoints. An integrated diagnostic strategy combining histomorphological evaluation, IHC preliminary screening, and NGS validation facilitates accurate diagnosis of ROS1-positive lung cancer, thereby guiding clinical targeted therapy implementation.