Metastatic melanoma to the breast is rare and may be misdiagnosed as primary breast carcinoma. Histological, immunohistochemical, and clinical correlations, such as a history of previous melanoma, are essential for diagnosis.

A female patient presented with melanoma in the left gluteal region. Five years later, a palpable nodule was detected in the right breast on routine mammography. Microscopic and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma. The patient passed away 3 years later.

The findings in this case indicate that metastatic melanoma can present in atypical ways and that specialists should pay attention to metastases in unusual locations in cases of melanoma.

Colorectal adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Although metastases typically affect the liver, lungs, and peritoneum, thyroid involvement is extremely rare, with fewer than 50 cases documented to date. We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with a history of sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma who subsequently developed a solitary pulmonary metastasis treated surgically. During follow-up, a suspicious thyroid nodule with cervical lymphadenopathy was detected. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection, and histopathological evaluation revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated negativity for CK7 and TTF-1, with diffuse positivity for CDX2, CK20 and SATB2, confirming colorectal origin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated negativity for CK7 and TTF-1, with diffuse positivity for CDX2, CK20 and SATB2, confirming colorectal origin. Additionally, we performed a literature review (2014-2025) and present a table summarizing 24 reported cases of thyroid metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma. This case underscores the importance of considering thyroid metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer who present with thyroid nodules. Awareness of this rare manifestation and the use of immunohistochemical markers are essential to achieve an accurate diagnosis and to guide appropriate clinical management.

Tongue cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the oral and maxillofacial region. Novel effective therapies are urgently needed. Apatinib, a small-molecule antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in gastric cancer, but its role in tongue cancer remains unclear. This study evaluated the antitumor effects and mechanisms of apatinib using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of tongue cancer.

Fresh tumor tissues from two tongue cancer patients (Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, 2019-2021) were subcutaneously inoculated into immunodeficient mice to establish PDX models, validated by histology and human-specific gene identification. Eighteen P4-generation PDX mice were randomized into three groups (*n*=6/group): Control: 100 μL/day saline (oral gavage), Cisplatin: 5 mg/Kg/week (intraperitoneal injection), Apatinib: 100 mg/Kg/day (oral gavage). After 21 days of treatment, tumor volume/weight was measured. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessed microvessel density (MVD, via CD31) and cell proliferation (Ki-67). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test.

Apatinib significantly inhibited tumor growth, reducing tumor weight (0.21±0.07 g vs. Control 0.93±0.30 g, P=0.036) and volume (211.32±166.38 mm³ vs. Control 800.98±581.05 mm³, P=0.0002). IHC revealed decreased MVD (0.88±0.07 vs. Control 4.30±0.34, P=0.0192) and Ki-67-positive cells (2.75%±0.28% vs. Control 32.05%±4.34%, P=0.047), indicating suppressed angiogenesis and proliferation. Mouse body weight remained stable, suggesting minimal toxicity.

Our findings revealed that apatinib significantly suppressed tumor growth in these models, accompanied by a reduction in tumor microvascular density and Ki-67 expression, indicating its potential mechanism of action through inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. These findings support its potential as a targeted therapy for tongue cancer and highlight the utility of PDX models for preclinical drug evaluation. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to validate these results.

Spontaneous soft tissue hematomas are recognized complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms but rarely implicate the brachial plexus. A large axillary hematoma could represent a surgical emergency due to compression of local neurovascular structures. We report a case of a 63-year-old male with a history of polycythemia vera who presented with an expansive axillary hematoma compressing his brachial plexus. The lesion's profound size caused upper limb paralysis and exquisite pain on passive movment, raised suspicion for malignant hematologic progression, and provided a localized etiology for the patient's plexopathy. Large-vessel compromise, central nervous system lesions, and soft tissue invasion were excluded by clinical evaluations and diagnostic imaging before the interdisciplinary decision was made to surgically evacuate the proven complex hematoma. The patient's pain improved following decompression and another washout two days later. Concurrent hematologic workup identified acute myelomonocytic leukemia by bone marrow biopsy and initiated appropriate management. Twenty-four abstracts were screened from PubMed using keyword search terms and citation matching. Thirteen patients were identified, 4 of which had compartment syndrome symptoms secondary to hematoma in the setting of an undiagnosed hematological malignancy. All cases in the literature were concurrently diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia whereas the case we present was a manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia. Extensive mass effect from a deep tissue hematoma as the chief complaint for a patient with leukemic transformation of polycythemia vera is a rare presentation. An interdisciplinary approach with meticulous hematologic workup allowed for management of both, the lesion's neuropathic mass effect and its underlying hematologic malignancy.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has increased heterogeneity in regional axillary management. The optimal strategy remains uncertain for patients with clinically node-positive (cN+) breast cancer (BC) who convert to pathologically node-negative (ypN0) status after NAC. This study aimed to identify the most appropriate axillary treatment strategies for this subgroup.

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published up to July 2025. Pairwise meta-analysis and Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted in R to compare survival outcomes. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Comparative efficacy was summarized using forest plots, league tables, and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values.

Twenty studies on 19,870 patients were analyzed. In pairwise comparisons, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) plus regional nodal irradiation (RNI) was associated with worse OS than SLNB alone (hazard ratio (HR): 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.51; I²=0%). In the NMA, SLNB ranked highest for OS (SUCRA = 0.95), whereas axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) plus RNI ranked lowest (SUCRA = 0.17). For DFS, SUCRA values were similar across all strategies, indicating comparable efficacy.

In patients with cN + BC who achieve ypN0 status after NAC, tailored axillary strategies yielded survival outcomes comparable to conventional approaches. SLNB ranked highest for OS in the NMA, supporting its role as an effective and less invasive option in appropriately selected patients. However, these findings are largely based on retrospective data. Prospective studies with long-term follow-up are needed for confirmation.

Dyspnea is a frequent and distressing symptom in people with cancer. High-flow nasal oxygen has been shown to relieve dyspnea and could offer several advantages over conventional oxygen delivery devices.

To assess the effectiveness of high-flow nasal oxygen compared with other medical oxygen or air delivery devices on dyspnea in people with cancer.

This study was designed as a systematic review and meta-analysis and was registered prospectively with PROSPERO (CRD42021265395).

EMBASE, MEDLINE and Web of Science electronic databases were searched from inception to February 23, 2025. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of high-flow nasal oxygen in adults with cancer were screened, and data were independently extracted by three authors. The primary outcome was the mean change in dyspnea scores.

Seven trials (374 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Six trials (272 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Most trials were at a high risk of bias or had some concerns. The meta-analysis showed that high-flow nasal oxygen significantly improved dyspnea compared to other medical oxygen or air delivery devices (SMD: -0.60; 95% CI: -1.02 to -0.17; I² = 65%, p < 0.014). Sub-group analysis showed that the improvement was only visible in hypoxemic patients (SMD: -0.87; 95% CI -1.33 to -0.40; I² = 58.7%, p = 0.089).

High-flow nasal oxygen could be an additional therapeutic option for alleviating dyspnea in hospitalized people with advanced cancer.

Splenic hemangiosarcoma (SHSA) is an aggressive neoplasm of dogs characterized by high metastatic rate and short survival time. Although staging and treatment are well established prognostic factors, the implication of specific metastatic sites remains unclear.

Describe the frequency and distribution of metastatic site at diagnosis in dogs with SHSA and evaluate the potential prognostic role of different metastatic locations.

Sixty-six dogs with histologically confirmed SHSA.

Retrospective, multicenter, descriptive study of dogs with SHSA treated by splenectomy. Data collected included demographics, clinical stage, and site of metastasis at diagnosis and at death, staging procedures, histopathology results, treatment protocols, and outcome. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models.

At diagnosis, three dogs were stage I (5%), 35 stage II (53%), and 28 stage III (42%). Overall median tumor-specific survival (TSS) was 132 days. Stage III disease and hepatic metastases were associated with significantly decreased survival (P < .001). Dogs with liver metastasis that received anthracycline-based chemotherapy had longer survival compared with dogs that received metronomic therapy (255 vs 65 days, P = .02). Muscular and pulmonary metastases did not correlate with worse outcomes.

Stage and treatment were confirmed as prognostic factors, with patients in stage III and patients having received surgery alone having a worse prognosis. Although current staging classifies all metastatic disease as stage III, metastatic site may have variable impact on survival and should be considered when devising treatment strategy.

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women worldwide, and the rates of both new cases and deaths have increased over the past two decades. The aim of the study was to identify and validate molecular pathways that could potentially be targeted for therapeutic interventions.

The bioinformatics resource WebGestalt was used to determine the functional annotation of the Gene Ontology, as well as enrichment analysis of Reactome and KEGG pathways in 2023-2024. GeneMANIA, a server for assessing protein-gene interactions, co-localization, pathways, co-expression, and protein-domain similarity of target genes and their interacting genes, was evaluated via this web tool. GEO was also used to determine mRNA expression levels in BRCA individuals. R packages were used to screen for differentially expressed genes for both datasets. On the other hand, the open cancer resources GENT2 TNMPlot, UCSCXena, ENCORI platform, BioXpress, OncoDB, OncoMX, and GEPIA2 were used to measure the differential expression of mRNAs in BRCA patients.

Among the genes analyzed, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) showed the greatest change. Similarly, matrix metallopeptidase 14 (MMP14) and Endogenous Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGFA) showed significant increases. Other up-regulated genes, including Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF1A), and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) showed minimal expression changes with minor fluctuations. Finally, Interleukin-1 alpha precursor (IL1A) exhibited a slight increase in expression. Validation of gene expression changes through microarray studies on the GSE37751 and GSE42568 datasets provided consistent and significant results for several of the studied genes. GO analysis further revealed significant molecular functions, cellular components, KEGG pathways, and biological processes that were enriched among the differentially expressed genes. Among the top pathways identified based on FDR and P value were receptor binding signaling, regulation of cell migration, the extracellular matrix, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway.

The results predict that the hub genes correlated with angiogenesis may serve as potential therapeutic targets or could be biomarkers for breast cancer.

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, imposing a substantial disease burden on infants, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Despite its prevalence, therapeutic options have historically been limited, with no specific antiviral drugs widely approved for treatment until recently. The landscape is now shifting rapidly with the development of novel preventive and therapeutic agents.

this review comprehensively summarizes the current status of RSV monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule antivirals, integrating mechanistic insights with clinical translational perspectives. We analyze the evolution of immunoprophylaxis from palivizumab to next-generation long-acting antibodies like nirsevimab, which have reshaped prevention strategies. Furthermore, we evaluate small-molecule agents, contrasting the limitations of early fusion inhibitors with the improved efficacy and resistance barriers of emerging polymerase inhibitors such as ziresovir.

clinical translation faces multifaceted challenges beyond molecular discovery. Major hurdles include the complexity of clinical trial designs for vulnerable populations (neonates and the elderly), the lack of globally harmonized clinical efficacy endpoints, and the risks associated with viral escape mutations. Additionally, divergent regulatory frameworks and requirements across different regions complicate the global development and registration of new RSV products.

future advancements will likely depend on integrating emerging technologies, including mRNA platforms, gene editing, and AI-driven drug discovery. Moving forward, the field must prioritize multi-target combination therapies to mitigate resistance and establish global surveillance networks. Ultimately, international collaboration is essential to ensure equitable access, sustainable pricing, and the successful implementation of next-generation RSV therapeutics.

Upper respiratory tract diseases in companion animals encompass various diagnoses and anatomical localizations that are challenging to distinguish based solely on clinical signs.

Assess associations between signalment and clinical signs, and the localization and categories of nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases in dogs and cats.

A total of 396 client-owned animals (167 cats, 229 dogs) presented for nasal or nasopharyngeal disease at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Liège (Belgium) between 2018 and 2022.

Retrospective observational cross-sectional study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associations between signalment and clinical signs and disease type or localization.

Nasopharyngeal disease in cats was associated with stertor (odds ratio [OR], 10.1; 95%CI, 2.2-47.3; P = .003), dyspnea (OR, 6.5; 95%CI, 2.0-21.6; P = .002), absence of sneezing (OR, 0.1; 95%CI, 0.03-0.4; P < 0.001), and nasal discharge (OR, 0.04; 95%CI, 0.007-0.2; P < .001). In dogs, nasal and nasopharyngeal localizations were, respectively, associated with sneezing (OR, 95.6; 95%CI, 9.3-987.9; P < .001) and reverse sneezing (OR, 5.7; 95%CI, 1.3-25.2; P = .02). Although epistaxis was associated with both fungal rhinitis and nasal masses in dogs, only masses were associated with decreased nasal airflow (OR, 29.4; 95%CI, 8.1-106.9; P < .001), whereas it was preserved in fungal rhinitis (OR, 0.02; 95%CI, 0.003-0.15; P < .001). Systemic signs were observed in cats with nasal masses (OR, 7.3; 95%CI, 2.5-21.3; P < .001); in dogs, they were linked to fungal rhinosinusitis (OR, 26.1; 95%CI, 3.9-176.0; P < .001).

Signalment and clinical signs provide valuable indicators for diagnosis and localization of nasal diseases in dogs and cats, which may guide clinical decision-making.