Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes alterations in speech and language across multiple domains, including semantic content, pragmatics, prosody, morphosyntax, phonology and timing/fluency, with some of these changes detectable early in the disease course. Definitive biomarker assessments of AD are often invasive or resource-intensive; there is a need for scalable measures in screening and monitoring AD. Advances in natural language processing and automated transcription can quantify speech and language features from structured tasks and natural conversations. This review summarizes domain-specific changes across the AD continuum, evaluates evidence linking these features to biomarkers of AD pathology (amyloid and tau), and discusses opportunities and limitations for future work. We conclude by identifying priorities for the field, namely, domain-aware task design, demographic and language-sensitive norms and standardized, biomarker-validated datasets.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition with far-reaching implications for youth well-being and society. This paper examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms consistent with probable MDD and their association with self-reported experiences of racial discrimination within the Black youth population in Canada. This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. Questionnaires were administered via an anonymous online survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-report screening tool, with scores ≥ 10 indicating symptoms consistent with probable MDD rather than a clinical diagnosis. Experiences of discrimination were measured using self-reported items adapted from previously validated discrimination instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression(p ≤ 0.05). A total of 933 Black youth participated in this survey. Black youth who reported unfair treatment due to their skin colour or race were 18 times more likely to express MDD than those who had not (OR: 18.38; 95% CI: 2.796-7.17 ). Similar associations were observed for self-reported discrimination based on language accent (OR = 4.40; 95% CI: 1.01-19.24) and culture (OR = 12.29; 95% CI: 1.47-12.53). Black youth who have been treated unfairly due to their culture were 12 times more likely to experience MDD than those who had not (OR: 12.29; 95% CI: 1.473-12.530). This study demonstrates a significant association between perceived unfair treatment and depressive symptoms (consistent with probable MDD) among Black Canadian youth. The findings suggest that racial, linguistic, and cultural discrimination are associated with poorer mental health outcomes in this group. Culturally sensitive interventions and policies that promote inclusivity and equity can help Black youth with MDD.

Gordon Holmes syndrome (GHS, MIM 212840) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a clinical manifestation of cerebellar ataxia, dementia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. To describe the clinical and genetic profile of patients with GHS reported worldwide with genotype-phenotype correlation. This is a review of reported cases of GHS based on the different genetic variant worldwide. We report 2 patients of GHS due to variant in the RNF216 gene. There was total 29 reported cases of GHS with RNF216 variants, 9 cases with PNPLA6 variants, and 5 with STUB1 variant. There was male predominance in the RNF216 and PNPLA6 variants. The median age at onset was lower and duration of illness was longer in STUB1 variants. Cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria were seen in all variants. Dementia, chorea and psychiatric disturbances were common in RNF216 variants. Seizures were seen only in STUB1 variants. Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism were seen in all variants. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed signal changes in the white matter apart from the cerebellar and cerebral atrophy in RNF216 variants. Missense, frameshift and non-sense variants were common in RNF216 and missense variants were common in PNPLA6 and STUB1. The phenotypic and genotypic presentation of GHS is heterogeneous with variants in the RNF216 representing majority of GHS cases.

Previous studies have shown that additional cognitive load from a secondary task can adversely affect movement performance. However, how externally provided auditory pacing influences motor and neural responses under dual-task conditions remains unclear. This study employed a repeated-measures experimental design, studying eighteen young adults (Mean age 23.5 ± 4 years) who underwent three conditions: (1) foot tapping only (single task), (2) foot tapping and a mental task (dual task), and (3) foot tapping, mental task, and auditory pacing biofeedback (dual task + biofeedback). Ankle joint movements using Xsens IMU's (Inertial Motion Units) and brain activities using EEG (electroencephalography) were measured in these three conditions. Results showed that dual tasks significantly reduced (p < 0.01) the range of motion and increased (p < 0.05) the variability of ankle joint range of motion, suggesting a decline in foot tapping performance compared to the single-task condition. The decline was accompanied by significant increases (p < 0.05) in relative high-beta power in EEG, consistent with heightened cognitive-motor demand during dual-tasking. In the dual-task + biofeedback condition, kinematic measures returned to values statistically indistinguishable from the single-task condition and response times in the cognitive task were significantly reduced, without a loss of accuracy. The relative high-beta power was also significantly reduced, compared with the dual-task condition, which may reflect increased entrainment to external cues or a reduction in cognitive load. These results support the role of auditory pacing in facilitating movement performance under dual-tasking conditions, while highlighting the need for future studies to dissociate entrainment effects from changes in cognitive workload.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire-Turkish Version (RSQ-TR) in a clinically referred sample of adolescents with mixed psychiatric diagnoses. Although the RSQ is widely used in community and medically stressed populations, its psychometric properties have not been sufficiently investigated in clinical populations. In addition, Türkiye's culturally hybrid context provides a unique setting to explore the RSQ's cross-cultural applicability and coping mechanisms in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. The sample comprised 435 adolescents (44.6% male; M_age = 14.45) from an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatry clinic in Istanbul. Participants completed the RSQ-TR, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and Friendship Qualities Scale. Construct validity and gender invariance were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup CFA; reliability was assessed via Cronbach's α and test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient. CFA confirmed the five-factor model with acceptable fit (χ²/df = 3.11, comparative fit index = .91, root-mean-square error of approximation = .070). Multi-group CFA showed full measurement invariance across gender. The RSQ-TR demonstrated moderate to strong internal consistency (total α = .88; subscales .78-.86) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .72-.76). Engagement coping strategies were associated with lower psychopathology and better social functioning, while disengagement coping and involuntary stress responses were linked to greater internalizing symptoms and poorer social outcomes. Findings support the reliability and validity of RSQ-TR scores in clinically referred Turkish adolescents. The results extend evidence for the RSQ's structural robustness and clinical relevance to psychiatric samples with mixed diagnoses, supporting its use for identifying maladaptive stress responses and informing intervention planning in mental health settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The evidence for the structure of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model relies heavily on analyses of correlations among Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses, which entrenches some of their limitations. In this study, we deconstructed the mental disorders covered in HiTOP into individual symptoms-with personality disorders represented via item-level assessment of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders facets-and rebuilt the HiTOP model from the ground up. Participants self-selected into an online mental health study and were randomly split into primary (n = 11,762) and holdout (n = 3,000) samples to identify a robust hierarchy of empirically derived constructs, ranging from symptoms and syndromes to very broad "superspectra" of psychopathology. In each sample, both hierarchical clustering and hierarchical principal components analyses were used; the final hierarchical structure was derived based on points of cross-sample and cross-method agreement. The resulting model was remarkably similar to the HiTOP model, including nearly all of the same subfactors, spectra, and superspectra-albeit with some reorganization in the structure. The inclusion of broad disinhibition/hypomania and pathological introversion dimensions represented the most prominent differences compared with the current higher order structure of HiTOP. The detailed lower order constructs found here also mirrored many of the existing components and traits in HiTOP, as well as indicating some potential areas for revision. Finally, we remapped the disorders included in the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition onto the new framework model. Overall, the results suggest that the structural foundations of the HiTOP model are largely sound. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Postoperative complications such as dry eye, ocular surface pain, and abnormal wound healing responses, including fibrosis or ectasia, remain a significant concern in corneal, refractive, and cataract surgeries as they occur even in those patients without the classical clinical risk factors. Persistent low-grade or subclinical ocular surface inflammation in these patients may have contributed to these suboptimal outcomes. Inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, TNFα, IFNγ, and/or MMP-9 are reported to be higher on the ocular surface of patients with either overt or subclinical inflammation. These inflammatory factors disrupt tissue homeostasis and wound healing response as they (i) sensitize nociceptive (pain) pathways, (ii) destabilize cell-cell adhesion, (iii) increase TGFβ-dependent or independent extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition leading to scarring, and/or (iv) cause ectasia by decreasing ECM deposition and natural collagen cross-linking. These effects of molecular risk factors can be mitigated by preoperative BIOLOGICAL CLEANSING strategies designed to reduce the load of these inflammatory factors on the ocular surface. Depending on the clinical presentation and inflammatory load status, biological cleansing using (i) lubricants; (ii) eyelid hygiene; (iii) ocular surface washes; (iv) topical or oral nutraceuticals; (v) nonpharmacological treatments, such as thermal pulsation therapy and intense light therapy; (vi) topical immunomodulators, such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, steroids, and Lifitegrast; and (vii) lifestyle modifications, such as diet and probiotics, can be followed. We and others have shown a reduction in these inflammatory factors on the ocular surface using one or more of these strategies. Incorporating biological cleansing protocols into presurgical preparation is a vital step toward modulating ocular surface biology to improve postoperative outcomes for patients.

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has significantly transformed the daily lives of adolescents, yet Internet-related problems have also raised various psychological and academic concerns, particularly among adolescents with depressive disorders. This study examined the association between excessive Internet use and learning burnout in this population, with sleep quality and anxiety included as chain mediators. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and included 330 adolescents with depressive disorders (102 males and 228 females). Data were collected through online self-administered questionnaires, including the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Adolescent Learning Burnout Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Data analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 to examine the hypothesized relationships among the variables. The results indicated that sleep quality and anxiety exert a significant chain mediating association in the relationship between excessive Internet use and learning burnout. Specifically, excessive Internet use was indirectly associated with learning burnout indirectly through decreased sleep quality and elevated anxiety. This study found that sleep quality and anxiety both partially mediated the association between excessive Internet use and learning burnout among adolescents with depressive disorders. Sleep quality and anxiety served as a chain mediating mechanism linking excessive Internet use to learning burnout. These findings highlight the importance of improving sleep management, reducing anxiety levels, and promoting healthy Internet use in interventions aimed at adolescents with depressive disorders.

Phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau181), an Alzheimer's disease biomarker, was recently evaluated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We investigated plasma p-tau181 in 202 ALS/ALS-FTD patients and 94 healthy controls, assessing cognitive performance, motor function, and longitudinal dynamics. Plasma p-tau181 and NfL were significantly elevated in ALS, with p-tau181 increasing over 1 year while NfL remained stable. Neither marker correlated with cognitive performance, and only NfL was associated with disease severity and progression. Plasma p-tau181 was higher in patients with predominant lower motor neuron involvement. The results indicate that p-tau181 reflects peripheral processes in ALS, providing a complementary, mechanistically distinct biomarker from NfL.

Objective: To develop a program of psychotherapeutic rehabilitation for mental patients who abuse synthetic cannabinoids and to describe phenomenon of this comorbidity. Object of study: The total sample included 311 young men dependent on synthetic cannabinoids: 169 with specific and persistent personality disorders and 142 with paranoid schizophrenia. Methods: Follow-up, clinical-psychopathological, psychometric (ICD-10, CGI, GAF, SANS), statistical methods were used. Results and discussion: The developed psychotherapeutic rehabilitation program for people with drug addiction, replacing the need for drugs with the need to stay in socially acceptable addictive groups, allows to improve the quality and duration of remissions, reduce the frequency of drug addiction, improve their condition and functioning.