T lymphocytes, essential components of the adaptive immune system, orchestrate pathogen-specific responses and long-term immunological memory through heterogeneous subsets with distinct functional properties and spatial distributions. This comprehensive review delineates the origin, distribution, and functional specialization of long-lasting T cell subsets-naive T cells (Tn), stem cell-like memory T cells (Tscm), central memory T cells (Tcm), effector memory T cells (Tem), and tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm)-across physiological and pathological contexts, with a particular focus on aging and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We further dissect the complex intertwined mechanisms underlying immunosenescence and NSCLC pathogenesis. Elucidating how aging remodels T cell maintenance, tissue tropism and metabolic adaptation provides a conceptual framework for developing targeted therapeutic interventions against NSCLC.

Pituitary tumors (PT) constitute the second most frequent intracranial tumor. A subset of PT can behave aggressively despite multimodal treatment. Hallmarks such as cellular senescence, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness have been implicated in tumor progression, but their role in PT pathogenesis remains is unclear.

We performed spatial transcriptomics (ST) in dopamine agonist resistant prolactin secreting PT, as well as single nucleus RNAseq (snRNAseq) in growth hormone secreting and non-functioning of gonadotropic differentiation PT to describe the senescence, proliferative and stemness landscapes. Bioinformatic analyses included clustering, senescence scoring (SenePy), cell cycle inference (ccAFv2), differentiation potential (CytoTRACE2), and EMT signature evaluation. Primary tumor cell cultures were established to validate senescence (β-galactosidase activity) and to assess the senolytic effect of dasatinib.

All PT included in the study were transcriptomically heterogeneous, showing between three and ten transcriptional clusters. Senescence analysis reveals two main clusters regardless of PT lineage: One with a high and the other one with low senescence score. Most spots contain terminally differentiated cells at phase G1/G0 of the cell cycle. Distinct alteration in different signaling pathways were found in clusters with low senescence score: PI3K-cascade-FGFR1 and inositol phosphate metabolism among prolactin secreting tumors, phosphatidyl inositol signaling system and serine/threonine kinase activity the in GH-secreting PT, sphingolipid signaling pathway and serine/threonine kinase alterations among non-functioning of gonadotropic differentiation PT. Dasatinib treatment of primary cell cultures of pituitary tumors of different lineages showed significant dose-dependent cell death, accompanied by caspase-3/7 activation and morphological changes consistent with apoptosis.

Our data show that PT may contain senescent and terminally differentiated cells without any EMT evidence, and dasatinib could represent an alternative for therapy resistant PT.

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the differences in early- and delayed-phase maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and lesion volume on ^99mTc-sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI) SPECT/CT between parathyroid adenoma (PA) and parathyroid hyperplasia (PH) in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).

A total of 111 patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD5) undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent preoperative ^99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT scintigraphy for the detection and localization of parathyroid lesions. Quantitative SPECT/CT was performed after planar imaging, and the SUVmax and volume of each positive parathyroid lesions were measured on SPECT/CT. Linear mixed-effects models accounting for within-patient clustering were used to compare parameters between PA and PH, with further adjustment for lesion volume. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the discriminative ability of these parameters.

After adjustment for within-patient clustering, PA lesions showed significantly higher early-phase SUVmax (β = 1.473, P < 0.001), delayed-phase SUVmax (β = 0.745, P < 0.001), and lesion volume (β = 0.571, P < 0.001) than PH lesions. After further adjustment for lesion volume, the difference in early-phase SUVmax remained significant (β = 0.542, P = 0.034), whereas the difference in delayed-phase SUVmax was no longer significant (P = 0.404). Lesion volume was strongly associated with both early- and delayed-phase SUVmax (both P < 0.001). A ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for early-phase SUVmax and lesion volume was 0.612 and 0.621, respectively, for distinguishing PA from PH.

Lesion volume is a major determinant of ^99mTc-MIBI uptake in SHPT, while early-phase SUVmax remains independently different after adjustment for volume. When combined with clinical presentation and other examinations, early-phase SUVmax may provide complementary biological information for graft selection.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) poses a significant public health challenge in China because of high mortality and increasing incidence, necessitating an analysis of its burden from 1990 to 2023 to inform future prevention.

Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, we estimated absolute numbers, age-standardized rates (ASRs), and age-stratified crude rates. Joinpoint regression was employed to calculate average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). We quantified the burden attributable to specific risk factors and conducted a segmented analysis to compare trends between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty interval (UI).

In 2023, China was estimated to have 118,381 incident PC cases (95% UI 103,773-135,339), 114,949 deaths (95% UI 101,214-131,619), 102,845 prevalent cases (95% UI 89,758-117,757), and 2,765,626 DALYs (95% UI 2,455,494-3,137,032). The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate (ASDR) remained stable. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) increased slightly (AAPC 0.38%, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.70). The burden was consistently higher in males than in females. Age-specific analysis highlighted rising incidence rates in both 15-49 years and ≥75 years age groups. In 2023, high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) accounted for a higher attributable burden than smoking. Pandemic-era sensitivity analysis suggested a possible change in the direction of ASIR and ASMR trends after 2019, but the observed post-2019 increases were not statistically significant and require further validation.

The increasing absolute burden was mainly associated with population aging, while risk-attributable analysis suggested a growing contribution of metabolic factors. Prevention strategies should integrate metabolic management to tackle the dual challenges of an aging society and emerging risks in younger people.

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for adenomyosis (AM). However, its clinical effectiveness in patients with comorbid gynecologic disorders remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of UAE in AM patients with or without concomitant uterine fibroids (UFs) or ovarian endometrioma (OE).

A total of 243 women with AM who underwent UAE were retrospectively enrolled, including 141 patients with AM alone, 71 with concomitant UFs, and 31 with concomitant OE. Based on clinical response, 193 patients were classified as having effective treatment outcomes and 50 as ineffective. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Symptom severity scale (SSS), health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were assessed preoperatively, at 3 months after UAE, and at the last follow-up.

Significant differences in baseline age and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) levels were observed among the three groups (p < 0.05). Postoperatively, all groups showed significant reductions in SSS and NRS scores, as well as significant improvements in HRQOL scores, at both 3 months and the end of follow-up compared with baseline (all p < 0.001). At the final follow-up, patients in the AM + OE group exhibited significantly higher SSS and NRS scores as well as significantly lower HRQOL scores compared with the other two groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between the simple AM and AM + UFs groups. Patients in the effective group were significantly older, had higher parity, lower CA125 levels, and showed a higher incidence of concomitant UFs but a lower incidence of OE compared with the ineffective group (all p < 0.05). HRQOL scores were significantly higher, and NRS scores were significantly lower in the effective group than in the ineffective group at both postoperative time points (all p < 0.001). The overall clinical efficacy rate was 79.42%, with no significant difference between the simple AM and AM + UFs groups (80.85% vs 88.73%, p_a = 0.15). However, the clinical efficacy rate was significantly lower in the AM + OE group (51.61%) than in both the simple AM (80.85%, p = 0.001) and AM + UFs (88.73%, p < 0.001) groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that concomitant OE was associated with an increased risk of treatment failure following UAE.

UAE effectively alleviates symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with AM, particularly in those with isolated AM or concomitant UFs. However, clinical outcomes are less favorable in patients with concomitant OE, suggesting the need for individualized therapeutic strategies in this subgroup.

Elderly patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) generally experience inferior treatment outcomes compared to the younger population. Understanding the complex interplay among age, treatment modalities, and clinical outcomes is critical for developing evidence-based clinical guidelines for this demographic. This study aimed to evaluate treatment patterns, compliance, and clinical outcomes in elderly NPC patients within a real-world setting.

We retrospectively included elderly patients (≥65 years) with NPC who received radiotherapy between January 2015 and December 2022. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model.

A total of 95 patients were included. Forty-two patients (44.2%) received induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), 22 patients (23.2%) received CCRT alone, and 31 patients (32.6%) underwent radiotherapy alone. The CCRT completion rates were comparable between the IC group (64.3%) and the non-IC group (68.2%) (p = 0.755). Notably, 91 patients (95.7%) completed the recommended course of radiotherapy. The 5-year PFS and OS rates were 54.9% and 66.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified age, gender, Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 score, Epstein-Barr Virus-deoxyribonucleic acid status, and treatment modality as independent prognostic factors. The results of multivariate prognostic analysis also showed that patients who did not receive CCRT had worse PFS (p = 0.029) and OS (p = 0.005) compared to those who received CCRT. However, no significant differences in PFS (p = 0.274) and OS (p = 0.594) were observed between the IC+CCRT and CCRT alone groups.

Despite high adherence to recommended radiotherapy regimens, survival outcomes in elderly NPC patients remain suboptimal. Our findings indicate that CCRT significantly improves survival compared to radiotherapy alone. However, the addition of IC to CCRT did not confer a survival benefit over CCRT alone. These findings underscore the importance of individualized treatment planning and the necessity of considering the comprehensive health status of elderly NPC patients in clinical practice.

The differentiation of benign and malignant breast nodules, particularly those categorized as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 3-4, remains a clinical challenge due to the subjectivity and operator dependence of conventional ultrasound assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of intratumoral and peritumoral ultrasound radiomics features in distinguishing benign from malignant BI-RADS 3-4 breast nodules and to construct interpretable machine learning models.

Ultrasound images and parameters (BI-RADS classification) of breast nodules were retrospectively collected from female patients at two institutions between January 2021 and June 2024: 571 patients (880 nodules) from Institution 1 (Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine) and 333 patients (351 nodules) from Institution 2 (Shanghai Second People's Hospital). Included patients had BI-RADS 3-4 nodules confirmed by pathology or, for BI-RADS 3 nodules, stable findings on follow-up for at least 2 years. Nodules from Institution 1 were randomly divided into a training set (n = 615) and an internal validation set (n = 265) at a 7:3 ratio, while patients from Institution 2 constituted an external test set (n = 351). Radiomics features of intratumoral and peritumoral regions (3 and 5 pixels wide) were extracted using PyRadiomics. Features were screened using the independent t-test, Spearman correlation, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Machine learning models-including random forest (RF), multilayer perceptron (MLP), extra trees (ET), support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM)-were trained and compared using area under the curve (AUC) and other metrics. The best-performing model was then used to compare intratumoral versus peritumoral regions. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was applied to interpret feature importance.

Across the training, internal validation, and external test sets, SVM demonstrated the most stable and balanced performance. The 3 pixels transitional zone region of interest support vector machine (EI3_SVM) model achieved a higher AUC than the tumor core region of interest (T) model in the external test set (0.875 vs. 0.787, p < 0.01), with accuracy 78.1%, sensitivity 42.2%, specificity 97.0%, and Brier score 0.166, outperforming other peritumoral models. Most models incorporating peritumoral features demonstrated AUCs that were higher than or comparable to those of the T model. SHAP analysis indicated that the high specificity was mainly driven by texture and shape features.

Integrating intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics features significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy and objectivity for differentiating benign and malignant breast nodules. This approach may aid clinical decision-making, reduce unnecessary biopsies, and support early precision diagnosis of breast cancer.

Patient-Centered Care (PCC)-that which addresses individual values, needs, and preferences-is a critical component of cancer care. Value-driven care requires evidence on outcomes that matter to patients, but Patient-Centered Outcomes (PCOs) are inconsistently defined and measured.

This scoping review maps and charts the literature on PCOs in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer care and the measures used to assess them with the aim of facilitating a shift toward more PCC.

We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and APA PsycINFO databases (2000-2025) to identify studies involving adult patients with GI cancers that reported or discussed at least one PCO, excluding survival. We summarized PCOs, measures used to assess them, and key study characteristics. Using qualitative cluster analyses, we then organized PCOs into a three-level hierarchy.

Of 1626 studies screened, 140 met inclusion criteria. Across these studies, we identified 187 PCOs and 286 measures. PCOs were grouped into six clusters: symptoms (27.4%), psychosocial (23.6%), lifestyle (23.1%), functional status (11.6%), care experience (8.5%), and healthcare utilization (5.8%). The most commonly mentioned PCO measures were three questionnaires: the EORTC QLQ-C30 (8.1%), FACT-G (4.2%), and the EQ-5D (2.5%).

A wide range of PCOs and corresponding measures have been reported in GI cancer care research, with symptom, psychosocial, and lifestyle related PCOs being the most frequently studied. Considerable heterogeneity exists in both the PCOs reported and the measures used to assess them. Identifying PCOs that matter most to patients and standardizing their measurement will be essential to advancing PCC.

Nevus-associated melanoma (NAM) is histologically defined by coexisting nevus and melanoma components, yet the nevus component is frequently not visible on dermoscopy. We performed a retrospective, single-centre observational study including histologically diagnosed NAMs (2011-2024). Dermoscopic images were assessed independently by two readers. Histopathology was systematically revised to quantify nevus proportion, size, and depth. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression evaluated associations with (a) invasive vs. in situ NAM and (b) dermoscopically visible vs. non-visible nevus component. Among 340 NAMs, 36.8% were in situ and 63.2% invasive. A dermoscopic nevus was visible in 45.6%. In multivariable analysis, nevus visibility under dermoscopy was independently associated with histopathologic features such as larger nevus size, particularly 2.1-4 mm (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.6), 4.1-10 mm (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.0-7.0), and > 10 mm (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.4-20.0), whereas deep nevus location (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.5) and ulceration (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) reduced visibility. Invasive NAM was independently associated with a visible nevus component under dermoscopy (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.7), shiny white structures (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.6-9.4), negative pigment network (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.2), and blue-white veil (OR 8.3, 95% CI 4.5-15.4), whereas atypical pigment network and melanoma pigmentation were inversely associated with invasion. Dermoscopic nevus visibility in NAM is mainly determined by nevus size and depth, while melanoma-related changes, particularly ulceration, can obscure the nevus component. Dermoscopic markers of invasiveness should prompt timely management even when an associated nevus is suspected.

The optimal choice between sedating histamine H₁ antagonists (sAHs) and non-sedating histamine H₁ antagonists (nsAHs) for preventing infusion-related reactions (IRRs) during daratumumab subcutaneous (DARA-SC) therapy remains unclear. Here, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of nsAH and sAH as premedication for DARA-SC therapy. Patients with multiple myeloma or light-chain amyloidosis who received DARA-SC therapy at eight hospitals were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter, observational study. Patients were categorized into nsAH and sAH groups based on their premedication. IRRs and drowsiness were assessed using patient-reported questionnaires, including the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and the Japanese Epworth Sleepiness Scale (JESS), at baseline, post-administration (Q2), and before bedtime (Q3). Overall, 104 patients (nsAH, n = 49; sAH, n = 55) were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in the IRR incidence between the nsAH and sAH groups at Q2 (8.2 vs. 9.1%) or Q3 (13 vs. 17%). Conversely, the incidence of new-onset drowsiness at Q2 was significantly lower in the nsAH group (13%) than in the sAH group (32%, p < 0.05). Additionally, the increase in SSS from baseline to Q2 was significantly lower in the nsAH group than in the sAH group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in JESS scores. Thus, nsAH was associated with reduced early post-administration drowsiness and there were no statistically significant differences in IRR preventive effects compared to that for sAH, suggesting that nsAH may reduce sedation without a significant increase in the incidence of IRRs; however, these hypothesis-generating findings warrant verification through future prospective comparative trials.